Overview

Language code yue_Hant
Aliased language codes yue
English name of the language Cantonese (Traditional Han script)
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-insensitive
Number of speakers 80,861,629
Plural: Default plural 63 translations
Number of plurals 1
Plural type None
Plurals
Plural formula 0
an hour ago

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Needs editing 2% 700 1% 2,716 1% 19,970
Read-only 5% 1,663 1% 2,046 1% 35,758
Failing checks 1% 270 1% 2,081 1% 14,773
Strings with suggestions 1% 40 1% 99 1% 680
Untranslated strings 78% 26,116 91% 243,578 90% 1,623,159
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Resource updated
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<!-- K: weather, condition -->
<!-- S: Know the weather forecast. -->

This chapter covers how to prepare for different types of weather and how to forecast it.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, forecast, clothes, shelter, poncho, sunglasses, barometer, thermometer -->
<!-- S: Bring appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather. Learn how to identify signs of worsening weather. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- 7-day weather forecast
- Appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather (see the Shelter and Clothing chapter)
- Poncho
- Sunglasses

**Optional**:
- Barometer
- Many smartphones have barometers; you can use the Weather tool in Trail Sense to monitor pressure
- Thermometer

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Read a weather forecast.
- Deal with different types of weather.
- Identify signs of worsening weather.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Identify signs of improving weather.
- Forecast weather based on observations.
- Understand your region's climate.
- Predict tides.

## Weather
<!-- K: storm, precipitation, rain, snow, hail, sleet, temperature, humidity, wind, fog, lightning, sun, smoke, wildfire, uv, uv-index, thunder, thunderstorm -->
<!-- S: Take shelter during severe storms. Be prepared for a variety of conditions, such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and strong wind. -->

Weather conditions can change rapidly and significantly impact your outdoor activities.

In mountainous regions, take extra precautions when above the treeline, as weather can be more severe and you are more exposed to the elements.

### Precipitation
You can generally continue outdoor activities in light precipitation. However, if it starts precipitating heavily, seek shelter. Be aware of the risk of hypothermia, and take steps to stay warm and dry.

Be cautious near rivers and streams during heavy rainfall, as they can rise rapidly and become dangerous.

Blizzards can lead to whiteout conditions, severely reducing visibility. If caught in a blizzard, seek shelter immediately and stay warm and dry.

### Temperature and humidity
In cold weather, dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to prevent heat loss. Stay dry, as wet clothing can cause you to lose body heat more quickly.

In hot weather, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade. Wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing to protect yourself from sun exposure. High humidity can make it feel hotter and make cooling off more difficult.

Temperature decreases by about 3.5°F (2°C) for every 1,000 feet (305 meters) of elevation gain.

### Wind
In cold conditions, wind can make it feel even colder, increasing the risk of hypothermia and frostbite. Dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to protect yourself from the wind.

Be cautious of unstable trees and branches in windy conditions, as they can be hazardous.

In desert environments, wind can cause sandstorms, which reduce visibility and make breathing difficult. Seek shelter during a sandstorm and protect your eyes and mouth with a bandana or cloth.

Prevailing winds are winds that blow consistently in one direction over time. While local geography and bodies of water can affect wind patterns, general patterns are as follows:
- 60° N to 90° N: Winds generally blow from the east.
- 30° N to 60° N: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 0° to 30° N: Winds generally blow from the northeast.
- 0° to 30° S: Winds generally blow from the southeast.
- 30° S to 60° S: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 60° S to 90° S: Winds generally blow from the east.

### Fog
Fog reduces visibility, making navigation difficult. If hiking in fog, stay on marked trails and use a map, compass, or GPS to navigate. Watch your footing carefully.

### Lightning
If caught outdoors during a thunderstorm, seek shelter immediately. Avoid tall trees and bodies of water, but get out of open areas. If you're in an open area, crouch down on the balls of your feet and cover your ears to reduce the risk of lightning strikes.

If you feel your hair stand on end or hear a crackling noise, you are in danger of being struck by lightning.

You can estimate how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the seconds between a flash of lightning and the sound of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by 5 to get the distance in miles. One mile is about 1.6 kilometers. Any storm within 6 miles (10 kilometers) is a threat.

### Sun
On days with a high UV index, wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing. In hot climates, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade.

### Smoke
Wildfires can cause smoke that travels long distances. Avoid outdoor activities on days with poor air quality if possible.

## Climate
<!-- K: climate, average -->
<!-- S: The climate of your region can indicate what weather is common for the time of year. -->

The climate of a region refers to its average weather conditions over time. Understanding the climate helps you prepare for the typical weather you'll encounter.

Key factors to consider when thinking about climate include:
- Daily high and low temperatures
- Precipitation amounts
- Humidity levels
- Wind patterns

## Forecasting
<!-- K: forecast, predict, signs, worsen, improve, cloud, cumulus, cirrus, cumulonimbus, altocumulus, stratus, altostratus, clear, cirrostratus, nimbostratus, cirrocumulus -->
<!-- S: Signs of worsening weather include increasing cloud cover, darkening skies, strong wind, and sudden drops in temperature. -->

You can learn to forecast weather by observing the signs around you. The more signs you notice, the more accurate your forecast will be.

### Signs of worsening weather
- Cloud cover increases
- Clouds start growing vertically (into an anvil shape)
- This indicates a thunderstorm
- Clouds darken
- Clouds move quickly
- Clouds lower
- Wind speed increases
- Temperature suddenly drops
- Barometric pressure drops
- Faster drops indicate more severe weather
- Wind direction changes, opposite the prevailing wind
- Animals become quiet
- Humidity increases
- You see lightning or hear thunder
- You smell rain (called petrichor)

### Signs of improving weather
- Cloud cover decreases
- Wind speed decreases
- Temperature rises
- Barometric pressure rises
- Wind direction changes to match the prevailing wind
- Animals become active
- Humidity decreases

### Clouds
Identifying the type of cloud can help to forecast the weather. Below are some common cloud types.

**Cumulus**

Low puffy clouds that look like cotton balls. They are spaced out and are typically white with darker patches below.

Usually indicates fair weather, but if it is growing taller, then precipitation or a thunderstorm could be possible in the next few hours.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cumulus.webp)

**Cumulonimbus**

Low puffy clouds that are very tall. They typically have an anvil shape and are dark.

May indicate a thunderstorm in a few minutes.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cumulonimbus.webp)

**Cirrus**

High wispy clouds that look like tufts of white hair.

May indicate precipitation in the next 12 to 24 hours.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cirrus.webp)

## Tides
<!-- K: tide, water, coast, rise, fall, moon, ocean, sea, semidiurnal, diurnal, mixed -->
<!-- S: Most places have two high tides and two low tides each day. Check tide tables before heading to the coast. -->

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Tides can affect outdoor activities, especially near the coast.

A receding tide can lead to rip currents, which are dangerous for swimmers.

Check the tide tables before heading to the coast. Tide tables can be found online or in local newspapers.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/tides.webp)
[Image source](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides07_cycles.html#1)

### Semidiurnal tides
Semidiurnal tides have two high tides and two low tides each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 6 hours later, and the following high tide will be about 6 hours after that.

**Mixed tides**

Mixed tides are a type of semidiurnal tide, but the heights of the high and/or low tides vary throughout the day.

### Diurnal tides
Diurnal tides have one high tide and one low tide each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 12 hours later, and the next high tide will be about 12 hours after that.

## Night
<!-- K: night, dark, light, moon, stars, flashlight -->
<!-- S: Be aware of when the sun will set to avoid being caught in the dark. Use a flashlight to navigate at night. -->

You can estimate the time until sunset by holding your hand horizontally with your fingers together and counting the number of finger widths between the sun and the horizon. Each finger width represents roughly 15 minutes.

On nights with a nearly full moon, you can use the moonlight to help navigate.

Navigating in the dark is not recommended, but if necessary, use a flashlight or headlamp to light your way.
 
an hour ago
User avatar None

Resource updated
The “guides/en-US” file was changed. 2 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<!-- K: weather, condition -->
<!-- S: Know the weather forecast. -->

This chapter covers how to prepare for different types of weather and how to forecast it.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, forecast, clothes, shelter, poncho, sunglasses, barometer, thermometer -->
<!-- S: Bring appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather. Learn how to identify signs of worsening weather. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- 7-day weather forecast
- Appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather (see the Shelter and Clothing chapter)
- Poncho
- Sunglasses

**Optional**:
- Barometer
- Many smartphones have barometers; you can use the Weather tool in Trail Sense to monitor pressure
- Thermometer

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Read a weather forecast.
- Deal with different types of weather.
- Identify signs of worsening weather.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Identify signs of improving weather.
- Forecast weather based on observations.
- Understand your region's climate.
- Predict tides.

## Weather
<!-- K: storm, precipitation, rain, snow, hail, sleet, temperature, humidity, wind, fog, lightning, sun, smoke, wildfire, uv, uv-index, thunder, thunderstorm -->
<!-- S: Take shelter during severe storms. Be prepared for a variety of conditions, such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and strong wind. -->

Weather conditions can change rapidly and significantly impact your outdoor activities.

In mountainous regions, take extra precautions when above the treeline, as weather can be more severe and you are more exposed to the elements.

### Precipitation
You can generally continue outdoor activities in light precipitation. However, if it starts precipitating heavily, seek shelter. Be aware of the risk of hypothermia, and take steps to stay warm and dry.

Be cautious near rivers and streams during heavy rainfall, as they can rise rapidly and become dangerous.

Blizzards can lead to whiteout conditions, severely reducing visibility. If caught in a blizzard, seek shelter immediately and stay warm and dry.

### Temperature and humidity
In cold weather, dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to prevent heat loss. Stay dry, as wet clothing can cause you to lose body heat more quickly.

In hot weather, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade. Wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing to protect yourself from sun exposure. High humidity can make it feel hotter and make cooling off more difficult.

Temperature decreases by about 3.5°F (2°C) for every 1,000 feet (305 meters) of elevation gain.

### Wind
In cold conditions, wind can make it feel even colder, increasing the risk of hypothermia and frostbite. Dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to protect yourself from the wind.

Be cautious of unstable trees and branches in windy conditions, as they can be hazardous.

In desert environments, wind can cause sandstorms, which reduce visibility and make breathing difficult. Seek shelter during a sandstorm and protect your eyes and mouth with a bandana or cloth.

Prevailing winds are winds that blow consistently in one direction over time. While local geography and bodies of water can affect wind patterns, general patterns are as follows:
- 60° N to 90° N: Winds generally blow from the east.
- 30° N to 60° N: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 0° to 30° N: Winds generally blow from the northeast.
- 0° to 30° S: Winds generally blow from the southeast.
- 30° S to 60° S: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 60° S to 90° S: Winds generally blow from the east.

### Fog
Fog reduces visibility, making navigation difficult. If hiking in fog, stay on marked trails and use a map, compass, or GPS to navigate. Watch your footing carefully.

### Lightning
If caught outdoors during a thunderstorm, seek shelter immediately. Avoid tall trees and bodies of water, but get out of open areas. If you're in an open area, crouch down on the balls of your feet and cover your ears to reduce the risk of lightning strikes.

If you feel your hair stand on end or hear a crackling noise, you are in danger of being struck by lightning.

You can estimate how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the seconds between a flash of lightning and the sound of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by 5 to get the distance in miles. One mile is about 1.6 kilometers. Any storm within 6 miles (10 kilometers) is a threat.

### Sun
On days with a high UV index, wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing. In hot climates, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade.

### Smoke
Wildfires can cause smoke that travels long distances. Avoid outdoor activities on days with poor air quality if possible.

## Climate
<!-- K: climate, average -->
<!-- S: The climate of your region can indicate what weather is common for the time of year. -->

The climate of a region refers to its average weather conditions over time. Understanding the climate helps you prepare for the typical weather you'll encounter.

Key factors to consider when thinking about climate include:
- Daily high and low temperatures
- Precipitation amounts
- Humidity levels
- Wind patterns

## Forecasting
<!-- K: forecast, predict, signs, worsen, improve, cloud, cumulus, cirrus, cumulonimbus, altocumulus, stratus, altostratus, clear, cirrostratus, nimbostratus, cirrocumulus -->
<!-- S: Signs of worsening weather include increasing cloud cover, darkening skies, strong wind, and sudden drops in temperature. -->

You can learn to forecast weather by observing the signs around you. The more signs you notice, the more accurate your forecast will be.

### Signs of worsening weather
- Cloud cover increases
- Clouds start growing vertically (into an anvil shape)
- This indicates a thunderstorm
- Clouds darken
- Clouds move quickly
- Clouds lower
- Wind speed increases
- Temperature suddenly drops
- Barometric pressure drops
- Faster drops indicate more severe weather
- Wind direction changes, opposite the prevailing wind
- Animals become quiet
- Humidity increases
- You see lightning or hear thunder
- You smell rain (called petrichor)

### Signs of improving weather
- Cloud cover decreases
- Wind speed decreases
- Temperature rises
- Barometric pressure rises
- Wind direction changes to match the prevailing wind
- Animals become active
- Humidity decreases

### Clouds
Identifying the type of cloud can help to forecast the weather. Below are some common cloud types.

**Cumulus**

Low puffy clouds that look like cotton balls. They are spaced out and are typically white with darker patches below.

Usually indicates fair weather, but if it is growing taller, then precipitation or a thunderstorm could be possible in the next few hours.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cumulus.webp)

**Cumulonimbus**

Low puffy clouds that are very tall. They typically have an anvil shape and are dark.

May indicate a thunderstorm in a few minutes.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cumulonimbus.webp)

## Tides
<!-- K: tide, water, coast, rise, fall, moon, ocean, sea, semidiurnal, diurnal, mixed -->
<!-- S: Most places have two high tides and two low tides each day. Check tide tables before heading to the coast. -->

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Tides can affect outdoor activities, especially near the coast.

A receding tide can lead to rip currents, which are dangerous for swimmers.

Check the tide tables before heading to the coast. Tide tables can be found online or in local newspapers.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/tides.webp)
[Image source](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides07_cycles.html#1)

### Semidiurnal tides
Semidiurnal tides have two high tides and two low tides each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 6 hours later, and the following high tide will be about 6 hours after that.

**Mixed tides**

Mixed tides are a type of semidiurnal tide, but the heights of the high and/or low tides vary throughout the day.

### Diurnal tides
Diurnal tides have one high tide and one low tide each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 12 hours later, and the next high tide will be about 12 hours after that.

## Night
<!-- K: night, dark, light, moon, stars, flashlight -->
<!-- S: Be aware of when the sun will set to avoid being caught in the dark. Use a flashlight to navigate at night. -->

You can estimate the time until sunset by holding your hand horizontally with your fingers together and counting the number of finger widths between the sun and the horizon. Each finger width represents roughly 15 minutes.

On nights with a nearly full moon, you can use the moonlight to help navigate.

Navigating in the dark is not recommended, but if necessary, use a flashlight or headlamp to light your way.
 
2 hours ago
User avatar None

Resource updated
The “guides/en-US” file was changed. 3 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<!-- K: weather, condition -->
<!-- S: Know the weather forecast. -->

This chapter covers how to prepare for different types of weather and how to forecast it.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, forecast, clothes, shelter, poncho, sunglasses, barometer, thermometer -->
<!-- S: Bring appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather. Learn how to identify signs of worsening weather. -->

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- 7-day weather forecast
- Appropriate clothing and shelter for the weather (see the Shelter and Clothing chapter)
- Poncho
- Sunglasses

**Optional**:
- Barometer
- Many smartphones have barometers; you can use the Weather tool in Trail Sense to monitor pressure
- Thermometer

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Read a weather forecast.
- Deal with different types of weather.
- Identify signs of worsening weather.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Identify signs of improving weather.
- Forecast weather based on observations.
- Understand your region's climate.
- Predict tides.

## Weather
<!-- K: storm, precipitation, rain, snow, hail, sleet, temperature, humidity, wind, fog, lightning, sun, smoke, wildfire, uv, uv-index, thunder, thunderstorm -->
<!-- S: Take shelter during severe storms. Be prepared for a variety of conditions, such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and strong wind. -->

Weather conditions can change rapidly and significantly impact your outdoor activities.

In mountainous regions, take extra precautions when above the treeline, as weather can be more severe and you are more exposed to the elements.

### Precipitation
You can generally continue outdoor activities in light precipitation. However, if it starts precipitating heavily, seek shelter. Be aware of the risk of hypothermia, and take steps to stay warm and dry.

Be cautious near rivers and streams during heavy rainfall, as they can rise rapidly and become dangerous.

Blizzards can lead to whiteout conditions, severely reducing visibility. If caught in a blizzard, seek shelter immediately and stay warm and dry.

### Temperature and humidity
In cold weather, dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to prevent heat loss. Stay dry, as wet clothing can cause you to lose body heat more quickly.

In hot weather, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade. Wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing to protect yourself from sun exposure. High humidity can make it feel hotter and make cooling off more difficult.

Temperature decreases by about 3.5°F (2°C) for every 1,000 feet (305 meters) of elevation gain.

### Wind
In cold conditions, wind can make it feel even colder, increasing the risk of hypothermia and frostbite. Dress in layers and wear a hat and gloves to protect yourself from the wind.

Be cautious of unstable trees and branches in windy conditions, as they can be hazardous.

In desert environments, wind can cause sandstorms, which reduce visibility and make breathing difficult. Seek shelter during a sandstorm and protect your eyes and mouth with a bandana or cloth.

Prevailing winds are winds that blow consistently in one direction over time. While local geography and bodies of water can affect wind patterns, general patterns are as follows:
- 60° N to 90° N: Winds generally blow from the east.
- 30° N to 60° N: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 0° to 30° N: Winds generally blow from the northeast.
- 0° to 30° S: Winds generally blow from the southeast.
- 30° S to 60° S: Winds generally blow from the west.
- 60° S to 90° S: Winds generally blow from the east.

### Fog
Fog reduces visibility, making navigation difficult. If hiking in fog, stay on marked trails and use a map, compass, or GPS to navigate. Watch your footing carefully.

### Lightning
If caught outdoors during a thunderstorm, seek shelter immediately. Avoid tall trees and bodies of water, but get out of open areas. If you're in an open area, crouch down on the balls of your feet and cover your ears to reduce the risk of lightning strikes.

If you feel your hair stand on end or hear a crackling noise, you are in danger of being struck by lightning.

You can estimate how far away a thunderstorm is by counting the seconds between a flash of lightning and the sound of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by 5 to get the distance in miles. One mile is about 1.6 kilometers. Any storm within 6 miles (10 kilometers) is a threat.

### Sun
On days with a high UV index, wear sunscreen and sun-protective clothing. In hot climates, stay hydrated and take breaks in the shade.

### Smoke
Wildfires can cause smoke that travels long distances. Avoid outdoor activities on days with poor air quality if possible.

## Climate
<!-- K: climate, average -->
<!-- S: The climate of your region can indicate what weather is common for the time of year. -->

The climate of a region refers to its average weather conditions over time. Understanding the climate helps you prepare for the typical weather you'll encounter.

Key factors to consider when thinking about climate include:
- Daily high and low temperatures
- Precipitation amounts
- Humidity levels
- Wind patterns

## Forecasting
<!-- K: forecast, predict, signs, worsen, improve, cloud, cumulus, cirrus, cumulonimbus, altocumulus, stratus, altostratus, clear, cirrostratus, nimbostratus, cirrocumulus -->
<!-- S: Signs of worsening weather include increasing cloud cover, darkening skies, strong wind, and sudden drops in temperature. -->

You can learn to forecast weather by observing the signs around you. The more signs you notice, the more accurate your forecast will be.

### Signs of worsening weather
- Cloud cover increases
- Clouds start growing vertically (into an anvil shape)
- This indicates a thunderstorm
- Clouds darken
- Clouds move quickly
- Clouds lower
- Wind speed increases
- Temperature suddenly drops
- Barometric pressure drops
- Faster drops indicate more severe weather
- Wind direction changes, opposite the prevailing wind
- Animals become quiet
- Humidity increases
- You see lightning or hear thunder
- You smell rain (called petrichor)

### Signs of improving weather
- Cloud cover decreases
- Wind speed decreases
- Temperature rises
- Barometric pressure rises
- Wind direction changes to match the prevailing wind
- Animals become active
- Humidity decreases

### Clouds
Identifying the type of cloud can help to forecast the weather. Below are some common cloud types.

**Cumulus**

Low puffy clouds that look like cotton balls. They are spaced out and are typically white with darker patches below.

Usually indicates fair weather, but if it is growing taller, then precipitation or a thunderstorm could be possible in the next few hours.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/cumulus.webp)

## Tides
<!-- K: tide, water, coast, rise, fall, moon, ocean, sea, semidiurnal, diurnal, mixed -->
<!-- S: Most places have two high tides and two low tides each day. Check tide tables before heading to the coast. -->

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Tides can affect outdoor activities, especially near the coast.

A receding tide can lead to rip currents, which are dangerous for swimmers.

Check the tide tables before heading to the coast. Tide tables can be found online or in local newspapers.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/tides.webp)
[Image source](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides07_cycles.html#1)

### Semidiurnal tides
Semidiurnal tides have two high tides and two low tides each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 6 hours later, and the following high tide will be about 6 hours after that.

**Mixed tides**

Mixed tides are a type of semidiurnal tide, but the heights of the high and/or low tides vary throughout the day.

### Diurnal tides
Diurnal tides have one high tide and one low tide each day. If you know the time of high tide, the next low tide will be about 12 hours later, and the next high tide will be about 12 hours after that.

## Night
<!-- K: night, dark, light, moon, stars, flashlight -->
<!-- S: Be aware of when the sun will set to avoid being caught in the dark. Use a flashlight to navigate at night. -->

You can estimate the time until sunset by holding your hand horizontally with your fingers together and counting the number of finger widths between the sun and the horizon. Each finger width represents roughly 15 minutes.

On nights with a nearly full moon, you can use the moonlight to help navigate.

Navigating in the dark is not recommended, but if necessary, use a flashlight or headlamp to light your way.
 
3 hours ago
User avatar None

Resource updated
The “guides/en-US” file was changed. 19 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<!-- K: overview, survival, situation, rescue, lost -->
<!-- S: Be prepared, stop if lost, and think before acting. -->

This guide covers essential survival skills needed to return safely from a survival situation. It is not a substitute for professional training or experience and should only be used as a reference.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill -->
<!-- S: Bring a survival kit with you on all trips, and let others know your plans. Learn how to act in a survival situation and signal for help. -->

- Tell someone your plans: route, alternative routes, who you are going with, when you will be back, when you will make contact with them.
- Stick to your planned route.
- Avoid unnecessary risks.
- Bring the proper gear.

### Gear

**Necessities**:
- Cell phone
- Money
- Whistle
- Spare batteries (for flashlight) and a battery pack for your phone
- Assorted bandages
- Gauze
- Surgical tape
- Safety pin or needle
- Tweezers
- Antibiotic ointment
- Sunscreen
- Insect repellent
- Prescription medications, contact lenses, and glasses
- Pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen)
- Hand sanitizer
- Epinephrine auto-injector (if you have severe allergies)
- Asthma inhaler (if you have asthma)
- Water (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra)
- For longer trips, bring a water purification method and plan your route to include water sources.
- Water containers (ensure you have a container that you can boil water in)
- Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include:
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Dried fruit
- Jerky
- Energy bars
- Dehydrated meals (with extra water)
- Canned food (with a can opener if needed)
- Knife or multi-tool
- Bear bag or canister
- Emergency space blanket
- Poncho
- Change of clothing
- Extra socks
- Boots or sturdy shoes
- Sunglasses
- Cordage (paracord)
- Sewing kit (needle and thread)
- In colder climates:
- Insulating layers (jacket, pants, hat, gloves)
- Waterproof outer layer
- Waterproof or insulated boots
- Thermal underlayers
- Hand warmers
- For overnight stays:
- Sleeping bag
- Sleeping pad
- Tent
- Tarp
- Map
- Compass
- Flashlight or headlamp
- 7-day weather forecast

**Optional**:
- Signal mirror

See each chapter for additional gear recommendations.

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Follow local laws and regulations.
- Act in a survival situation.
- Signal for help.
- Plan a trip.

See each chapter for additional knowledge and skills recommendations.

## What to do in a survival situation
<!-- K: steps, stop, think, observe, plan, act -->
<!-- S: Stop, think, observe, plan, and then act. In many cases, the plan may be to stay where you are and wait for help. -->

If you find yourself in a survival situation, don't panic and follow these steps.

### Stop
The first and most important thing to do when lost is to stop moving.
- If not in immediate danger, stop moving.
- Calm down with deep breaths if panicking.

### Think
Take a moment to think about your situation. Answer the following questions:
- What are your immediate needs?
- What resources do you have available?
- Did you tell someone your plans before you left? If so, when are they expecting you back?
- Which way did you come from?

### Observe
Next, observe your surroundings and assess your situation:
- Check for any potential hazards or resources that could help you.
- Check your smartphone or GPS receiver for your last known location.
- Check your cell phone for a signal.
- Listen for people or vehicles.

### Plan
Make a plan for your next steps. Here's some general advice:
- If it is close to dark, set up a shelter and maybe a fire.
- If you are injured, treat your injuries.
- If you are lost, try to determine your location using a map or GPS.
- If it is hot, find shade and water.
- If it is cold, get warm through insulation, shelter, and fire.
- If the weather is bad, take shelter.
- Tie a bright piece of clothing to a nearby tree and search the nearby area for signs of a trail. **Keep the marker in sight at all times.** You may also use a GPS receiver to return to your starting point; just ensure the batteries are charged.
- If you are lost, it is best to stay put and wait for help. Try to signal for help and make yourself visible to rescuers.

### Act
Once you have a plan, act on it. If at any point you feel unsafe, nervous, or unsure, stop and reassess your situation.

## Planning a trip
<!-- K: plan, trip -->
<!-- S: Research the terrain, weather, and wildlife before going out. Plan a route on a map and bring the necessary supplies. Share this plan with someone you trust. -->

1. Research the terrain, weather conditions, wildlife, and plants you might encounter. Also, look into local regulations and any permits you may need.
2. Using an up-to-date map, plan your route. Be sure to consider trail conditions and alternate routes.
3. Pack the necessary gear and supplies. See the "Be prepared" section for a list of essential items. Check all your gear before you leave.
4. Check the weather forecast and adjust your plans accordingly.
5. Share your itinerary with a trusted person. Include your planned route, expected return time, and check-in times.

## Signaling for help
<!-- K: signal, help, contact, call, text, phone, whistle, mirror, smoke, flare, flashlight, ground-to-air -->
<!-- S: Try your cell phone, it may be able to make emergency calls. Otherwise, use a whistle, signal mirror, smoke, flares, flashlight, or ground-to-air signals to attract attention. -->

### Cell phone
Many phones can call emergency services even without a signal from your carrier. If you can't make a call, try sending a text message. Check your phone periodically to see if you have a signal, but otherwise keep it off or in airplane mode to conserve battery. You may get a better signal by climbing to higher ground or moving to an open area.

### Whistle
Three short blasts are the universal signal for help. You may want to cover your ears when using the whistle at full volume.

### Signal mirror
Hold the mirror with one hand and extend your other arm in front of you with your fingers in a V-shape. Reflect sunlight onto your fingers and slowly move the mirror to direct the reflected light toward potential rescuers or aircraft.

### Smoke
Smoke can attract attention during the day. You can create a lot of smoke by burning green vegetation. Be sure to do this safely.

### Flares
Flares are best seen at night or in low-visibility conditions. Follow the instructions on the flare packaging and be aware of any legal restrictions on their use.

### Flashlight
At night, a flashlight can be used to signal for help. Use the international distress signal, SOS, which is three short flashes, three long flashes, and three short flashes. If you don't remember the SOS signal, flash the light repeatedly in groups of three. Aim it in the direction of aircraft or other potential rescuers.

### Ground-to-air signals
Ground-to-air signals are large markers you create on the ground to communicate with aircraft. Use rocks, logs, or other materials to create a large "V" (means you require assistance) or an "X" (means you require medical assistance). Use contrasting or artificial colors to make the signal more visible.

## Disclaimer
This guide is provided for informational purposes only, and neither the author, publisher, or any contributors guarantee its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. By using this guide, you acknowledge that outdoor activities involve risks, and you do so at your own risk, agreeing to hold harmless and indemnify the author, publisher, and any contributors from any claims or damages arising from your use of this guide. Always consult professionals for advice specific to your situation, as this guide does not substitute for professional guidance. Furthermore, be aware that local laws and regulations may affect the legal use of the techniques described herein, and compliance is your responsibility.
 
19 hours ago
User avatar None

String updated in the repository
<!-- K: fire, flame, light, heat, warm, burn -->
<!-- S: Build and maintain a fire. -->

This chapter covers how to make a fire in a survival situation.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, starter, matches, lighter, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, tinder -->
<!-- S: Bring a fire starter. Learn how to build and maintain a fire. -->

### Gear
**Necessities**:
- Fire starter (waterproof matches, lighters, or fire steel - carry at least two different types)

**Optional**:
- Tinder (dryer lint, cotton balls, or commercial fire starters)

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Build a fire using multiple fire starters (matches, lighters, fire steel).
- Gather and prepare tinder, kindling, and fuel.
- Maintain a fire.
- Extinguish a fire.
- Build a fire in wet conditions.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Protect a fire from wind and rain.
- Construct and use a bow drill.
- Make charcoal (see the Crafting chapter).
- Construct a fire bundle and start a fire with it.

## Building a fire
<!-- K: build, gather, prepare, tinder, kindling, fuel, location, fatwood, structure, tepee, lean-to, cross-ditch, pyramid -->
<!-- S: Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind. Gather tinder, kindling, and fuel. Use the tepee structure to get a fire going quickly. -->

### Preparing a fire site
- Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind, close to your shelter and a fuel supply.
- Clear the ground to expose soil and remove any flammable materials to prevent unintended spreading.
- In snowy conditions, use a platform of green logs to build the fire on.

### Fire reflector (optional)
A fire reflector is a wall built behind the fire to reflect heat towards you and protect the fire from wind. Use rocks, logs, or snow to build a barrier. It is easier to build a reflector before starting the fire.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/56.webp)

### Gathering materials

- **Tinder**: Dry, fine materials that catch fire easily. You can dry out damp tinder by placing it near your body or in your sleeping bag.
- Shredded inner bark (birch, cedar, chestnut, red elm)
- Fine wood scrapings or shavings
- Fatwood: Resin-rich wood from pine trees, typically found at the base of dead branches.
- Dry grass, leaves, or pine needles
- Dry powdered sap from pine trees
- Crushed fibers from dead plants
- Seed down (cattail, milkweed, thistle)
- Feather sticks (wood shavings attached to a stick)
- Commercial fire starters
- Cotton balls (preferably soaked in petroleum jelly)
- Lint
- Paper
- Tinder fungus or chaga
- **Kindling**: Small sticks and twigs that catch fire from the tinder and help build the flame.
- Sticks and twigs (pencil to finger thickness)
- Thinly split wood
- Plastics, such as straws or spoons
- Wood soaked in a flammable liquid such as bug spray (use caution)
- **Fuel**: Larger pieces of wood that will burn longer and sustain your fire.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/58.webp)

### Fire structures

- **Tepee**: Start with a tinder bundle and build a cone of kindling around it. This structure is easy to light and good for heating. It burns well, even with wet wood.
- **Lean-to**: Place a long green stick in the ground at an angle, leaning kindling against it. Place tinder underneath the lean-to.
- **Cross-ditch**: Dig an X in the ground and place tinder in the center. Build a kindling pyramid over the tinder. The ditch allows air to flow under the fire.
- **Pyramid**: Lay small logs or branches in parallel on the ground to form a platform. Build additional layers in a crisscross pattern, leaving space for air to circulate. Start the fire at the top of the pyramid. This fire requires less attention.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/59.webp)

## Starting a fire
<!-- K: start, light, ignite, matches, lighters, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, magnesium, flint, bow-drill, hand-drill, drill, magnifying, lens -->
<!-- S: If you have a fire starter, use it. You can improvise if required, but it will be more difficult and requires practice. -->

- **Matches/lighters**: Always have waterproof matches or a reliable lighter in your kit.
- **Fire steel**: Durable and works in all weather conditions, producing sparks to ignite your tinder. Scrape it quickly with the back of a knife or scraper to create sparks. For best results, pin the fire steel against the tinder and ground and scrape the steel towards the tinder.
- **Magnifying glass / lens**: Focus sunlight through a lens onto tinder to create a fire. Glasses or even a clear bottle filled with water can work. This will take a while and requires direct sunlight. Credit card sized freznel lenses are also effective.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/61.webp)

- **Flint and steel**: Strike a flint rock with a steel tool to create sparks. The tinder must be very dry and fine.
- **Bow drill**: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) on a wooden base (fireboard) using a bow to rotate the drill.
- **Hand drill**: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) between your hands on a wooden base (fireboard). Apply downward pressure while spinning.

### Making a bow drill
- **Socket**: A small, flat stone or piece of hardwood to hold the drill in place. It should have a small depression to fit the top of the drill.
- **Drill**: A straight, dry stick about 10-12 inches long and ¾ inch in diameter.
- **Fireboard**: A flat piece of dry wood with a notch cut into it to collect the ember. Soft wood such as yucca, tamarack, aspen, balsam fir, basswood, poplar, cypress, cottonwood, alder, red cedar, and willow are preferred. Cut a depression about ½ to ¾ inch from the edge. On the underside of the board, make a V-shaped cut from the edge of the board to the depression. Avoid resinous woods like pine.
- **Bow**: A flexible, curved stick with a cord attached to both ends. The cord should be wrapped around the drill. A shoelace can be used as the cord.
- **Fire pan**: A flat piece of bark or wood to catch the ember.

To operate, place the fireboard on the fire pan, hold the drill upright in the depression, and use the bow to spin the drill. The friction will create an ember that can be transferred to your tinder bundle. Place a foot on the fireboard to hold it steady.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/64.webp)

## Maintaining and extinguishing a fire
<!-- K: maintain, extinguish, safety, transport, move, bundle, tinder-fungus, chaga -->
<!-- S: Keep adding fuel to maintain your fire. Thoroughly extinguish your fire with water or dirt. -->

**Maintaining**: Keep adding fuel to maintain your fire. Adjust the structure as needed to control the burn rate and heat distribution.

**Extinguishing**: Thoroughly extinguish your fire by dousing it with water or covering it with dirt. Make sure no embers remain that could reignite or cause a wildfire. On a beach, do not cover the fire with sand, as it can insulate the heat and cause burns.

**Safety Tips**:
- Never leave a fire unattended.
- Be aware of local fire regulations and conditions.
- Always have a plan to extinguish the fire quickly if needed.
- If possible, line the fire pit with dry rocks, dirt, or sand to prevent underground fires. Do not construct a fire pit over a root system or peat.

### Moving the fire

**Transporting heat**

If you want the heat from your fire to last longer, heat rocks **near** the fire and place them in your shelter or sleeping area. Don't let the rocks get too hot (they should be warm to the touch) to avoid burns or fires. Be sure to check how hot the rocks are before touching them.

Alternatively, you could heat water and place it in a container or bottle to keep you warm.

**Fire bundle**

A fire bundle is a portable fire that can be carried to a new location. It is made by wrapping a burning ember or coals in a bundle of dry punk wood and damp plant matter, contained in bark. This allows you to transport a fire without needing to start a new one from scratch.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/66.webp)

**Tinder fungus and chaga**

Both tinder fungus and chaga can be used to transport fire. The inside of these fungi can smolder for hours, allowing you to carry them to a new location to start a fire. To restart the fire, place the ember in a tinder bundle and blow gently to ignite it.


Tinder fungus:
![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/tinder_fungus.webp)

Chaga:
![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/chaga.webp)
 
19 hours ago
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