Component Translated Unfinished Unfinished words Unfinished characters Untranslated Checks Suggestions Comments
Glossary Trail Sense MIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trail Sense Android MIT 77% 324 1,498 9,168 273 6 2 0
Trail Sense User Guide MIT 0% 94 44,205 258,063 94 0 0 0

Overview

Project website kylecorry.com/Trail-Sense
Instructions for translators

https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense#contributing
Project maintainers User avatar kylecorry31
Language Greek
Language code el
Text direction Left to right
Case sensitivity Case-sensitive
Number of speakers 12,249,401
5 hours ago

String statistics

Strings percent Hosted strings Words percent Hosted words Characters percent Hosted characters
Total 1,539 49,164 292,070
Translated 72% 1,121 7% 3,461 8% 24,839
Needs editing 3% 51 1% 118 1% 705
Read-only 15% 233 1% 364 2% 6,624
Failing checks 1% 6 1% 87 1% 470
Strings with suggestions 1% 2 1% 4 1% 17
Untranslated strings 23% 367 92% 45,585 91% 266,526
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49,164
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1,539
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72%
Translated
4
Contributors
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Trends of last 30 days

+6%
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Hosted strings
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Common Plantain
A low-growing plant with broad, oval leaves, often found in lawns and disturbed areas. Its leaves are edible, and have medicinal properties as a poultice for bites or wounds.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_major
 
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<!-- K: navigate -->
<!-- S: Plan a route and determine your location. -->

Being able to navigate in the wilderness can help prevent you from getting lost or allow you to find your way back to safety.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, map, compass, flashlight, gps -->
<!-- S: Bring a map, compass, and flashlight. Learn how to navigate with a map and compass and plan routes. -->

### Gear
**Necessities**:
- Map
- Compass
- Flashlight/headlamp

**Optional**:
- GPS device

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Navigate with a map and compass.
- Plan a route.
- Set declination on a compass.
- Determine your location on a map.
- Measure distances on a map.
- Read a topographic map.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Use a GPS device for navigation.
- Utilize advanced navigation techniques, like using the sun and stars.
- Take a detour.

## Route planning
<!-- K: route, plan, trip, detour -->
<!-- S: Plan your route to avoid getting lost and ensure you reach your destination safely. -->

When planning a route, choose one that matches your skill and fitness levels using a topographical map to gauge terrain difficulty. Use the map to identify landmarks along the way to help you stay on track. Also be sure to identify water sources, alternative routes, and the direction to roads or towns.

## Movement
<!-- K: move, terrain, mountain, cold, desert, jungle, night, river, cross -->
<!-- S: Move carefully and adapt to the terrain. Avoid following animal trails. -->

Moving carefully and adapting to the terrain are important for preventing injury or getting lost. In general, keep your body weight balanced over your feet, watch where you step, and take frequent breaks to rest. Stay on the designated trails at all times and be cautious of animal trails; they may lead to resources like water but can also get you lost.

### Mountains

The steep slopes of mountainous terrain can tire you out or injure your joints, so be extra vigilant about taking breaks. To make it easier to follow uphill trails, walk in a zigzag path; this pattern will increase the distance you travel but it will be less steep. When descending, maintain a bend in your knees to protect your joints. If you are climbing a tall mountain, take your time so that you can acclimate to higher altitudes without getting sick.

### Snow

It can be taxing to travel in snowy conditions and you don't know for sure what you are stepping on; the snow may be hiding a patch of ice, a hole, or water. You can use a pole or stick to test ice and snow conditions before stepping. Avoid walking on frozen bodies of water unless you know the ice thickness. If you have snowshoes or skis, use them to help prevent your feet from sinking into the snow.

Watch out for areas prone to avalanches. They are usually marked.

### Desert

Deserts are typically hot and dry, with potentially cold nights, so be prepared by bringing appropriate clothing and extra water. Avoid traveling during the hottest part of the day and stick to areas of shade if possible. Due to the lack of visual features, paths in a desert may appear shorter than they actually are. If you are carrying electronic devices, be sure to protect them from extreme heat and direct sunlight.

### Jungle

Jungles feature dense vegetation, high humidity, and precipitation. Move with the vegetation rather than against it to conserve energy, and focus on distant landmarks rather than nearby objects to maintain your direction. The dense canopy makes it harder for search parties to find you and GPS devices may not be reliable. Always wear protective clothing to avoid insect bites and stings, and treat any wounds or scratches promptly to prevent infection.

### Night

If you can avoid traveling at night, then don't do it. If you have to travel, use a flashlight or headlamp to illuminate your path while moving slowly and carefully to avoid accidents. Use your hearing to identify helpful environmental cues like running water or distant roadways that can aid in orientation.

### Rivers and streams

When crossing rivers or streams, search for the narrowest section or areas where the water splits into multiple channels. Whenever possible, use bridges, fallen trees, or rocks as crossing points, but be cautious of slippery or loose surfaces. Avoid crossing where currents are strong or near ledges. If you have to wade through water to cross, then find another spot. Anytime you cross a river or stream, unbuckle your backpack and carry it in front of you to prevent being pulled underwater by its weight if you fall.

In emergency situations, following a river downstream may eventually lead to civilization, as many settlements are built near water sources.

## Trail markers
<!-- K: trail, blaze, marker, cairn, sign, pile, block, stack, paint, flag -->
<!-- S: Trail markers help you to stay on the trail. -->

Trail markers indicate where the trail is and distinguish one trail from another. Many ways are used to mark trails, but there is no universal standard.

### Blazes
Blazes are painted symbols on trees or rocks. Typically, they are rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or crosses. In most places, each trail is painted with a different color and/or shape of blaze.

Some blazes may also indicate the trail's direction, but this may not apply everywhere.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/trail_blazes.webp)

1. **Two blazes, top blaze to the left**: Continue to the left
2. **Two blazes, top blaze to the right**: Continue to the right
3. **One blaze**: Continue straight

While not always true, the color and/or shape of the blazes should match what appears on a map, except that white blazes are typically black on a map. If a trail is new, it may have small plastic strips or flags tied to a tree instead of a blaze.

### Cairns
Cairns are piles of rocks, typically used in places without large trees to blaze. Cairns are usually placed on the side of the trail, and you should be able to see multiple cairns at a time. In some places, cairns may be small stacks of stones (typically 3) and could be hard to locate.

### Signs
Trail signs provide information about which trail you are on, distance/direction to points of interest, or offer general information/alerts. Always read and abide by trail signs.

### Blockers
In some places, downed trees or debris are intentionally placed in front of a path to indicate it should not be used.

## GPS
<!-- K: gps, satellite, device, location, waypoint, beacon, battery, maps -->
<!-- S: A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails. -->

A GPS device can help you determine your location and navigate to a specific point, but always have a backup plan in case the device fails.

### Location

A GPS uses satellites to determine your location. Ensure the device has a clear view of the sky so it can receive signals. Most GPS units display your coordinates in latitude and longitude, which can be plotted on a map.

### Waypoints

A waypoint is a specific location you want to navigate to. You can enter waypoints into your GPS to guide you to your destination. Most devices allow you to enter waypoints before your trip, but you can also add them as you go. Place waypoints frequently so you can backtrack if necessary.

If you use Trail Sense, you can use the Navigation, Beacons, Paths, and Photo Maps tools to assist with navigation.

### Battery

Your GPS device may run out of battery, so carry extra batteries or a portable charger to keep it powered.

### Digital maps

If your GPS supports digital maps, download maps of your area in advance to navigate even if you lose the signal.

## Compass
<!-- K: compass, bearing, declination, direction, north, south, east, west, orient, craft -->
<!-- S: A compass helps you determine direction. Be sure to set the same declination as your map. -->

A compass helps you determine direction and is essential for navigation, especially with a map.

### Bearings

A bearing is the direction you must travel to reach a specific point. You can determine a bearing by aligning the compass needle with the desired direction on the compass housing. Once you have the bearing, follow it to your destination. Pick a prominent feature in the distance to navigate toward, avoiding the need for constant compass checks.

### Back bearings

A back bearing is the opposite direction of your current bearing. To calculate a back bearing: if your bearing is less than 180 degrees, add 180. If it's more than 180, subtract 180.

### Declination

Declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Adjust your compass for declination when navigating with a map. Some compasses have an adjustable declination ring; otherwise, you must calculate it manually. Most maps list declination in the legend and are oriented to true north.

## Map
<!-- K: map, location, scale, topographic, orientation, triangulate -->
<!-- S: You can use a map to navigate once you learn how to read it. Be sure it is up to date. -->

A map is a key tool for navigation, especially when paired with a compass.

### Orientation

You can orient a map to point north using a compass:
1. Place the compass on the map with the direction of travel arrow pointing toward the top of the map.
2. Rotate the map and compass together until the compass points north.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/93.webp)

### Determining location

To determine your location on a map, identify prominent features around you and match them to the map. Use a compass to determine your direction and align the map accordingly.

To triangulate your location:
1. Orient the map to point north using your compass.
2. Identify and mark two prominent features around you on the map.
3. Measure the bearing to each feature using your compass.
4. Draw lines from each feature in the direction of the bearing on the map.
5. The point where the lines intersect is your location.

### Scale

Maps are drawn to scale, allowing you to determine distances between points. A bar on the map indicates the scale. You can measure distances using a ruler, string, or finger.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/map_scale.webp)

### Topographic maps

Topographic maps show elevation changes and terrain features, making them helpful in navigating mountainous or hilly areas. Contour lines indicate elevation; the closer the lines are, the steeper the terrain. Elevation markers on contour lines help identify peaks and valleys.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/95.webp)

Typical map colors include:
- **Black**: Structures
- **Red**: Roads
- **Green**: Vegetation
- **White**: Lack of vegetation
- **Brown**: Contour lines
- **Blue**: Water

## Advanced navigation techniques
<!-- K: sun, star, shadow, watch, north, south, east, west, polaris, big dipper, cassiopeia, southern cross, constellation, advanced, technique -->
<!-- S: You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help. -->

You can use the sun or stars to determine direction. If you need this, it's best to stay where you are and wait for help.

### Shadows

If you measure which way shadows are moving over time, you can determine direction. This is because the Sun moves East to West throughout the sky, and therefore shadows move in the opposite direction.

1. Place a stick vertically in the ground and mark the shadow tip.
2. After 10-15 minutes, mark the new position of the shadow tip.
3. Draw a line between the two points for an East-West line. West will be in the direction of the first point.
4. Draw a line at a right angle to the East-West line. South (or North in the Southern Hemisphere) will point toward the sun.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/direction_shadow.webp)

### Time

You can determine your direction using the position of the sun and the current time. This will be a rough approximation, but it's better than nothing. Point the hour hand of an analog watch at the sun; south is roughly halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12 o'clock position at the sun. If on daylight saving time, use 1 o'clock instead of 12.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/direction_watch.webp)

### Stars

Being able to identify a handful of constellations will help you determine direction at night.

In the Northern Hemisphere, identify Polaris (the North Star) using the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia as reference points. Polaris is directly to the North.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/northern_stars.webp)

In the Southern Hemisphere, you can use the Southern Cross to determine south. Extend a line from the top and bottom stars of the Cross's long axis, continuing about 4.5 times the distance between these stars toward the horizon to approximate the South Pole. This method is more difficult than the one used in the Northern Hemisphere.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/southern_stars.webp)

## Craft: Compass
<!-- K: compass, needle, magnet, north, south, east, west, direction, craft -->
<!-- S: You can make a compass using a needle, knife, and a leaf. -->

You can craft a makeshift compass by magnetizing a needle and floating it in water.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/bushcraft_compass.webp)

**Resources**
- Needle
- Knife
- Leaf or bottle cap
- Water

**Instructions**
1. Magnetize the needle by stroking it with the knife in one direction (to avoid dulling the blade, use the back of the knife). Stroke at least 50 times.
2. Place the needle on the leaf/cap and float it in water. The needle will slowly align to the north-south axis. Ensure no currents or wind could affect the needle.
 
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<!-- K: fire, flame, light, heat, warm, burn -->
<!-- S: Build and maintain a fire. -->

Knowing how to make fire can help you stay warm, purify water, and cook food. You should never leave a fire unattended and be careful to avoid it spreading.

## Be prepared
<!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, starter, matches, lighter, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, tinder -->
<!-- S: Bring a firestarter. Learn how to build and maintain a fire. -->

### Gear
**Necessities**:
- Firestarter (waterproof matches, lighters, or fire steel - carry at least two different types)

**Optional**:
- Tinder (dryer lint, cotton balls, or commercial fire starters)

### Knowledge and skills
Start by learning how to do the following:
- Build a fire using multiple fire starters (matches, lighters, fire steel).
- Gather and prepare tinder, kindling, and fuel.
- Maintain a fire.
- Extinguish a fire.
- Build a fire in wet conditions.

Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following:
- Protect a fire from wind and rain.
- Construct and use a bow drill.
- Make charcoal.

## Preparing a fire site
<!-- K: build, gather, prepare, tinder, kindling, fuel, location, fatwood -->
<!-- S: Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind. Gather tinder, kindling, and fuel. -->

You should prepare the fire site before attempting to start a fire. Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind that is close to your shelter and a fuel supply. Clear the ground of flammable material and if possible, line the area with dry rocks, dirt, or sand. Do not construct a fire over a root system or peat. In snowy environments, lay down logs to prevent the fire from touching the snow. Gather all materials before trying to start the fire.

You should also be aware of local laws and regulations, as some areas may not allow fires.


### Gathering materials

You need three types of materials to start and maintain a fire: tinder, kindling, and fuel. Tinder is a dry, fine material that catches fire easily and is used to start a fire. Kindling consists of small sticks and twigs that burn easily and are used to build up the fire after lighting the tinder. Finally, fuel is used to sustain the fire and consists of larger sticks or logs. To make a fire, find about a handful of tinder, two handfuls of kindling, and a pile of fuel - double the amount you estimate you'll need.

Finding dry wood can be difficult, but look for dead branches on trees, fallen branches that aren't fully touching the ground, and sticks that break cleanly when snapped. You can dry out damp tinder by placing it near your body or in your sleeping bag, and you can dry out fuel by placing it near the fire.

- **Tinder**
- Shredded inner bark (birch, cedar, chestnut, red elm)
- Fine wood scrapings or shavings
- Fatwood: Resin-rich wood from pine trees, typically found at the base of dead branches.
- Dry grass, leaves, or pine needles
- Dry powdered sap from pine trees
- Crushed fibers from dead plants
- Seed down (cattail, milkweed, thistle)
- Feather sticks (wood shavings attached to a stick)
- Commercial fire starters
- Cotton balls (preferably soaked in petroleum jelly)
- Lint
- Paper
- Tinder fungus or Chaga
- **Kindling**
- Sticks and twigs (pencil to finger thickness)
- Thinly split wood
- Plastics, such as straws or spoons
- Wood soaked in a flammable liquid such as bug spray (use caution)
- **Fuel**
- Prefer fallen wood that you can break by hand
- To break a larger piece of wood, insert it between two live trees at the point you want to break it and push it to the side until it snaps

### Feather sticks
A feather stick can be used as tinder and kindling to help start a fire when other tinder is hard to find.

To make a feather stick:

1. Find a straight, thick, dry stick.
2. Starting near the top, use a knife to cut a wood curl. Slice down to the base of the stick, but don't cut it off.
3. Repeat this process, but cut along the ridge created by your last cut. Be careful not to cut off the previous curls.
4. Gather any curls that fell off.
5. To start a fire, follow the next section using the feather stick as your tinder bundle.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/feather_stick.webp)

## Starting a fire
<!-- K: start, light, ignite, matches, lighters, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, magnesium, flint, bow-drill, hand-drill, drill, magnifying, lens, tepee, structure -->
<!-- S: If you have a fire starter, use it. You can improvise if required, but it will be more difficult and requires practice. -->

Once you have a site prepared and a sufficient supply of tinder, kindling, and fuel, you are ready to start the fire. As you are building up the fire, be careful not to smother the fire by always leaving a section with an open flame exposed. Also, avoid adding damp or green wood until your fire is hot and burning fuel.

Here are the steps you can follow to get it going:

1. Place the tinder into a small bundle or nest on the ground.
2. Lean a few pieces of kindling against the tinder in a tepee shape.
3. Light the tinder.
4. Carefully add kindling to the fire and blow into it to encourage growth.
5. Once your fire is steady, add fuel while maintaining a tepee structure.

**Note**: When blowing into a fire, be gentle and take breaths away from the smoke.

### Nursing an ember
An ember is a small piece of tinder that is burning but has not formed a flame. Once you have an ember, gently blow into it and feed it more tinder until a flame appears. Sometimes, it is easier to hold the tinder containing an ember and cup your hands closer together to find the right balance of oxygen and fuel.

### Firestarters

- **Matches/lighters**: Always have waterproof matches or a reliable lighter in your kit. These are the easiest methods to start a fire: just put the flame to the tinder.
- **Fire steel**: Durable and works in all weather conditions, producing sparks to ignite your tinder. Scrape it quickly with the back of a knife or scraper to create sparks. For best results, pin the fire steel against the tinder and ground and scrape the steel towards the tinder. Some fire steel comes with a magnesium block, which you can scrape off shavings into the tinder before striking to help catch a spark.
- **Magnifying glass/lens**: Using a lens, focus sunlight into a small point on the tinder. As the tinder starts to smoke, gently blow into it and move the lens closer to maintain a small point. A magnifying glass, prescription glasses, a fresnel lens, or even a clear bottle filled with water can work. This may take a while, and direct sunlight is required.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/61.webp)

The following methods are more challenging to create a fire with and require practice. If you find yourself here, it may be best to focus on insulation and shelter to stay warm.

- **Flint and steel**: Strike a flint rock with a steel tool to create sparks. The tinder must be very dry and delicate.
- **Bow drill**: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) on a wooden base (fireboard) using a bow to rotate the drill.
- **Hand drill**: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) between your hands on a wooden base (fireboard). Apply downward pressure while spinning.

### Using a bow drill
1. Find a small, flat stone or piece of hardwood with a small depression near the center to create the socket.
2. Create the drill by finding a straight, dry stick about 10-12 inches long and ¾ inch in diameter.
3. Find a flat, dry piece of softwood for the fireboard. Yucca, tamarack, aspen, balsam fir, basswood, poplar, cypress, cottonwood, alder, red cedar, and willow are preferred. Avoid resinous woods like pine.
4. Carve a slight depression about ½ to ¾ inch from the edge of the fireboard.
5. On the underside of the fireboard, make a V-shaped cut from the board's edge to the depression.
6. Find a curved stick that can be used for the bow. It should be about 12-14 inches long and ½ inch in diameter.
7. Attach a cord or shoelace to both ends of the bow.
8. Find the fire pan, a flat piece of bark or wood to catch the ember.
9. Wrap the drill into the bowstring so that it can roll as it moves along the string.
10. Place the fireboard on top of the fire pan so the V-shaped is touching.
11. Place the drill (attached to the bow) into the depression you carved into the fireboard.
12. Place the depression in the socket onto the top end of the drill and apply downward pressure with your non-dominant hand.
13. Place your foot onto the fireboard (on the same side as your non-dominant hand) and rest the hand holding the socket onto your knee.
14. With your dominant hand, move the bow side to side to cause the drill to spin. Be sure to go the entire length of the bow string. Keep a steady, fast pace.
15. You will start to see smoke after a while. Keep going until you are sure an ember has been created.
16. The ember should be transferred onto the fire pan (it may already be there) and moved to a tinder bundle where you can nurse it into a fire.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/64.webp)

If you are using a hand drill, follow the same steps as the bow drill, except don't create the bow and socket. Instead, roll the drill between your palms until you reach the bottom, then start again from the top.

## Extinguishing a fire
<!-- K: extinguish, safety -->
<!-- S: Thoroughly extinguish your fire with water or dirt. -->

You should always have a plan to quickly extinguish your fire in case it begins to spread. Thoroughly extinguish your fire by dousing it with water or covering it with dirt. Make sure no embers remain that could reignite or cause a wildfire. If you are on a beach, do not cover the fire with sand; it can insulate the heat and cause burns.

## Increasing warmth
<!-- K: rock, reflector, hand-warmer -->
<!-- S: Thoroughly extinguish your fire with water or dirt. -->

To maximize the heat from your fire, you can add more dry fuel, build a fire reflector, heat up rocks, or increase the insulation of your clothing and shelter.

### Fire reflector
A fire reflector is a wall built behind the fire to reflect heat towards you and protect the fire from wind. Use rocks, logs, or snow to create a barrier.

![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/56.webp)

### Heating rocks

You can also heat rocks **near** the fire and place them in your shelter or sleeping area. To avoid burns or fires, don't let the rocks get too hot; they should be warm to the touch. Be sure to check how hot the stones are before touching them. Do not use rocks found near water sources, as they can explode in a fire. Alternatively, you could heat water and place it in a container or bottle to keep you warm.

## Craft: charcoal
<!-- K: charcoal, filter, coal, craft -->
<!-- S: You can make charcoal by not allowing wood to burn fully. -->

Charcoal is made by preventing wood from completely burning. It can be used for filtering water, medicine, and as fuel for fires. You can grind charcoal into powder by placing it in a container and crushing it with a stick or rock.

**Resources**
- Wood
- Water or dirt

**Instructions**
1. Burn a fire down to coals.
2. Douse the fire with water or dirt to quickly extinguish it.
3. Wait for the coals to cool; some charcoal should be among the ashes. Charcoal is very light and entirely black.
 
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Muzzle velocity
 
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Singular
%d star
Plural
%d stars
 
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Singular
%d step
Plural
%d steps
 
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