Trail Sense/Trail Sense User Guide — German @ Hosted Weblate

94	Strings	4%	Browse Translate
44,472	Words	1%
259,679	Characters	1%

Strings Words Characters
94 44,472 259,679	All strings	Browse Translate Zen
4 232 1,395	Translated strings	Browse Translate Zen
90 44,240 258,284	Unfinished strings	Browse Translate Zen
90 44,240 258,284	Untranslated strings	Browse Translate Zen

Component	Translated	Unfinished	Unfinished words	Unfinished characters	Untranslated	Checks	Suggestions	Comments
Trail Sense Android MIT	87%	183	949	5,873	181	3	28	1

Trail Sense Store Metadata MIT	4%	122	6,358	38,543	121	2	0	0

Project website	kylecorry.com/Trail-Sense
Instructions for translators	https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense#contributing
Project maintainers	kylecorry31
Translation license	MIT License
Translation process	Translations can be made directly. Translation suggestions can be made. Any authenticated user can contribute. The translation uses monolingual files. The translation base language can not be edited.
Source code repository	`https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense`
Repository branch	main
Last remote commit	Merge remote-tracking branch 'refs/remotes/origin/main' `f84267aac` kylecorry31 authored 4 hours ago
Last commit in Weblate	Translated using Weblate (Chinese (Simplified Han script)) `0d9571bba` 大王叫我来巡山 authored 6 hours ago
Weblate repository	`https://hosted.weblate.org/git/trail-sense/trail-sense-android/`
File mask	`guides/*`
Monolingual base language file	`guides/en-US`
Translation file	Download `guides/de-rDE`
Last change	April 19, 2025, 1:36 p.m.
Last change made by	None
Language	German
Language code	de
Text direction	Left to right
Case sensitivity	Case-sensitive
Number of speakers	141,873,196
Number of plurals	2
Plural type	One/other
Plurals	Singular	1
Plural	0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …
Plural formula	`n != 1`

	Strings percent	Hosted strings	Words percent	Hosted words	Characters percent	Hosted characters
Total		94		44,472		259,679
Translated	4%	4	1%	232	1%	1,395
Needs editing	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Read-only	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Failing checks	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Strings with suggestions	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Untranslated strings	95%	90	99%	44,240	99%	258,284

None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. 4 hours ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	English <!-- K: fire, flame, light, heat, warm, burn --> <!-- S: Build and maintain a fire. --> Knowing how to make fire can help you stay warm, purify water, and cook food. You should never leave a fire unattended and must be careful to avoid it spreading. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, starter, matches, lighter, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, tinder --> <!-- S: Bring a firestarter. Learn how to build and maintain a fire. --> ### Gear Necessities: - Firestarter (waterproof matches, lighters, or fire steel - carry at least two different types) - You can carry a credit card sized fresnel lens in your wallet or phone case as an emergency backup firestarter. Optional: - Tinder (dryer lint, cotton balls, or commercial fire starters) ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Build a fire using multiple fire starters (matches, lighters, fire steel) - Gather and prepare tinder, kindling, and fuel - Maintain a fire - Extinguish a fire - Build a fire in wet conditions Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Protect a fire from wind and rain - Construct and use a bow drill - Make charcoal ## Preparing a fire site <!-- K: build, gather, prepare, tinder, kindling, fuel, location, fatwood --> <!-- S: Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind. Gather tinder, kindling, and fuel. --> You should prepare the fire site before attempting to start a fire. Choose a flat, dry area protected from the wind that is close to your shelter and a fuel supply. Clear the ground of flammable material and, if possible, line the area with dry rocks, dirt, or sand. Do not construct a fire over a root system or peat. In snowy environments, lay down logs to prevent the fire from touching the snow. Gather all materials before trying to start the fire. You should also be aware of local laws and regulations, as some areas may not allow fires. ### Gathering materials You need three types of materials to start and maintain a fire: tinder, kindling, and fuel. Tinder is a dry, fine material that catches fire easily and is used to start a fire. Kindling consists of small sticks and twigs that burn easily and are used to build up the fire after lighting the tinder. Finally, fuel is used to sustain the fire and consists of larger sticks or logs. To make a fire, find about a handful of tinder, two handfuls of kindling, and a pile of fuel - double the amount you estimate you'll need. Finding dry wood can be difficult, but look for dead branches on trees, fallen branches that aren't fully touching the ground, and sticks that break cleanly when snapped. You can dry out damp tinder by placing it near your body or in your sleeping bag, and you can dry out fuel by placing it near the fire. - Tinder - Shredded inner bark (birch, cedar, chestnut, red elm) - Fine wood scrapings or shavings - Fatwood: resin-rich wood from pine trees, typically found at the base of dead branches - Dry grass, leaves, or pine needles - Dry powdered sap from pine trees - Crushed fibers from dead plants - Seed down (cattail, milkweed, thistle) - Feather sticks (wood shavings attached to a stick) - Commercial fire starters - Cotton balls (preferably soaked in petroleum jelly) - Lint - Paper - Tinder fungus or chaga - Kindling - Sticks and twigs (pencil to finger thickness) - Thinly split wood - Plastics, such as straws or spoons - Wood soaked in a flammable liquid such as bug spray (use caution) - Fuel - Prefer fallen wood that you can break by hand - To break a larger piece of wood, insert it between two live trees at the point you want to break it and push it to the side until it snaps ### Feather sticks A feather stick can be used as tinder and kindling to help start a fire when other tinder is hard to find. To make a feather stick: 1. Find a straight, thick, dry stick. 2. Starting near the top, use a knife to cut a wood curl. Slice down to the base of the stick, but don't cut it off. 3. Repeat this process, but cut along the ridge created by your last cut. Be careful not to cut off the previous curls. 4. Gather any curls that fell off. 5. To start a fire, follow the next section using the feather stick as your tinder bundle. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/feather_stick.webp) ## Starting a fire <!-- K: start, light, ignite, matches, lighters, steel, ferro, ferrocerium, magnesium, flint, bow-drill, hand-drill, drill, magnifying, lens, tepee, structure --> <!-- S: If you have a fire starter, use it. You can improvise if required, but it will be more difficult and requires practice. --> Once you have a site prepared and a sufficient supply of tinder, kindling, and fuel, you are ready to start the fire. As you build up the fire, be careful not to smother it by always leaving a section with an open flame exposed. Also, avoid adding damp or green wood until your fire is hot and burning fuel. Here are the steps you can follow to get it going: 1. Place the tinder into a small bundle or nest on the ground. 2. Lean a few pieces of kindling against the tinder in a tepee shape. 3. Light the tinder. 4. Carefully add kindling to the fire and blow into it to encourage growth. 5. Once your fire is steady, add fuel while maintaining a tepee structure. Note: When blowing into a fire, be gentle and take breaths away from the smoke. ### Nursing an ember An ember is a small piece of tinder that is burning but has not formed a flame. Once you have an ember, gently blow into it and feed it more tinder until a flame appears. Sometimes, it is easier to hold the tinder containing the ember and cup your hands closer together to find the right balance of oxygen and fuel. ### Firestarters - Matches/lighters: Always have waterproof matches or a reliable lighter in your kit. These are the easiest methods to start a fire: just put the flame to the tinder. - Fire steel: Durable and works in all weather conditions, producing sparks to ignite your tinder. Scrape it quickly with the back of a knife or scraper to create sparks - you can also use a sharp piece of quartz or flint as a striker. For best results, pin the fire steel against the tinder and ground, and scrape the steel toward the tinder. Some fire steels come with a magnesium block, which you can scrape into the tinder before striking to help catch a spark. - Magnifying glass/lens: Using a lens, focus sunlight into a small point on the tinder. As the tinder starts to smoke, gently blow into it and move the lens closer to maintain a small point. A magnifying glass, prescription glasses, a fresnel lens, or even a clear bottle filled with water can work. This may take a while, and direct sunlight is required. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/61.webp) The following methods are more challenging and require practice. If you find yourself here, it may be best to focus on insulation and shelter to stay warm. - Flint and steel: Strike a flint rock with a carbon steel tool to create sparks. The tinder must be very dry and delicate. Stainless steel will not work. - Bow drill: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) on a wooden base (fireboard) using a bow to rotate the drill. - Hand drill: Create friction by spinning a stick (drill) between your hands on a wooden base (fireboard). Apply downward pressure while spinning. ### Using a bow drill 1. Find a small, flat stone or piece of hardwood with a small depression near the center to create the socket. 2. Create the drill by finding a straight, dry stick about 10-12 inches long and ¾ inch in diameter. 3. Find a flat, dry piece of softwood for the fireboard. Yucca, tamarack, aspen, balsam fir, basswood, poplar, cypress, cottonwood, alder, red cedar, and willow are preferred. Avoid resinous woods like pine. 4. Carve a slight depression about ½ to ¾ inch from the edge of the fireboard. 5. On the underside of the fireboard, make a V-shaped cut from the board's edge to the depression. 6. Find a curved stick that can be used for the bow. It should be about 12-14 inches long and ½ inch in diameter. 7. Attach a cord or shoelace to both ends of the bow. 8. Find the fire pan - a flat piece of bark or wood to catch the ember. 9. Wrap the drill into the bowstring so that it can roll as it moves along the string. 10. Place the fireboard on top of the fire pan so the V-shaped notch is touching it. 11. Place the drill (attached to the bow) into the depression in the fireboard. 12. Place the socket onto the top end of the drill and apply downward pressure with your non-dominant hand. 13. Place your foot on the fireboard (on the same side as your non-dominant hand) and rest the hand holding the socket on your knee. 14. With your dominant hand, move the bow side to side to cause the drill to spin. Be sure to use the full length of the bowstring. Keep a steady, fast pace. 15. You will start to see smoke after a while. Keep going until you are sure an ember has been created. 16. The ember should be transferred onto the fire pan (it may already be there) and moved to a tinder bundle, where you can nurse it into a fire. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/64.webp) If you are using a hand drill, follow the same steps as the bow drill, except don't create the bow and socket. Instead, roll the drill between your palms until you reach the bottom, then start again from the top. ## Extinguishing a fire <!-- K: extinguish, safety --> <!-- S: Thoroughly extinguish your fire with water or dirt. --> You should always have a plan to quickly extinguish your fire in case it begins to spread. Thoroughly extinguish your fire by dousing it with water or covering it with dirt. Make sure no embers remain that could reignite or cause a wildfire. If you are on a beach, do not cover the fire with sand; it can insulate the heat and cause burns. ## Increasing warmth <!-- K: rock, reflector, hand-warmer --> <!-- S: Thoroughly extinguish your fire with water or dirt. --> To maximize the heat from your fire, you can add more dry fuel, build a fire reflector, heat up rocks, or increase the insulation of your clothing and shelter. ### Fire reflector A fire reflector is a wall built behind the fire to reflect heat toward you and protect the fire from wind. Use rocks, logs, or snow to create a barrier. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/56.webp) ### Heating rocks You can also heat rocks near the fire and place them in your shelter or sleeping area. To avoid burns or fires, don't let the rocks get too hot; they should be warm to the touch. Be sure to check how hot the stones are before touching them. Do not use rocks found near water sources, as they can explode in a fire. Alternatively, you can heat water and place it in a container or bottle to keep warm. ## Craft: charcoal <!-- K: charcoal, filter, coal, craft --> <!-- S: You can make charcoal by not allowing wood to burn fully. --> Charcoal is made by preventing wood from completely burning. It can be used for filtering water, medicine, and as fuel for fires. You can grind charcoal into powder by placing it in a container and crushing it with a stick or rock. Resources - Wood - Water or dirt Instructions 1. Burn a fire down to coals. 2. Douse the fire with water or dirt to quickly extinguish it. 3. Wait for the coals to cool; some charcoal should be among the ashes. Charcoal is very light and entirely black. German 0 characters edited Current translation Empty 4 hours ago
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. yesterday
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	English <!-- K: overview, survival, situation, rescue, lost --> <!-- S: Be prepared, stop if lost, and think before acting. --> This guide covers essential survival skills needed to return safely from a survival situation. It is not a substitute for professional training or experience and should only be used as a reference. This guide is intended to be practical and to the point, with the sole purpose of getting you out of a survival situation. Therefore, most bushcraft and impractical techniques for the average hiker have been left out. If you are in a survival situation, try to stay calm and start with this chapter's "What to Do in a Survival Situation" section. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill --> <!-- S: Bring a survival kit with you on all trips, and let others know your plans. Learn how to act in a survival situation and signal for help. --> Before entering the wilderness, you should be as prepared as possible. This means you should plan your route and alternative routes, pack the proper gear, learn the necessary skills, and tell someone your plans. ### Gear Necessities: - Cell phone - Money - Whistle - Spare batteries (for flashlight) and a battery pack for your phone - Assorted bandages - Gauze - Surgical tape - Safety pin or needle - Tweezers - Antibiotic ointment - Sunscreen - Insect repellent - Prescription medications, contact lenses, and glasses - Pain relievers (aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen) - Hand sanitizer - Epinephrine auto-injector (if you have severe allergies) - Asthma inhaler (if you have asthma) - Water (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra) - Bring a water purification method for longer trips and plan your route to include water sources. - Water containers (ensure you have a container that you can boil water in) - Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include: - Nuts - Seeds - Dried fruit - Jerky - Energy bars - Dehydrated meals (with extra water) - Canned food (with a can opener if needed) - Knife or multi-tool - Bear bag or canister - Emergency space blanket - Poncho - Change of clothing - Extra socks - Boots or sturdy shoes - Sunglasses - Cordage (paracord) - Sewing kit (needle and thread) - In colder climates: - Insulating layers (jacket, pants, hat, gloves) - Waterproof outer layer - Waterproof or insulated boots - Thermal underlayers - Hand warmers - For overnight stays: - Sleeping bag - Sleeping pad - Tent - Tarp - Map - Compass - Flashlight or headlamp - 7-day weather forecast Optional: - Signal mirror See each chapter for additional gear recommendations. ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Follow local laws and regulations - Act in a survival situation - Signal for help - Plan a trip See each chapter for additional knowledge and skills recommendations. ### Additional reading This guide only covers a small portion of the vast knowledge of survival and bushcraft. If you want to learn about more skills, then I recommend the following books (not affiliated): - Bushcraft 101 by Dave Canterbury - SAS Survival Handbook by John 'Lofty' Wiseman - Tom Brown's Field Guide to Wilderness Survival by Tom Brown Jr., with Brandt Morgan - Wilderness & Travel Medicine by Eric A. Weiss, MD ## What to do in a survival situation <!-- K: steps, stop, think, observe, plan, act --> <!-- S: Stop, think, observe, plan, and act. The plan may often be to stay where you are and wait for help. --> If you are in a survival situation, don't panic and follow these steps. ### Stop The first and most important thing to do when lost is to stop moving. If you are in immediate danger in your current position, you can move, but otherwise, stay where you are. Use this time to calm down with deep breaths; you will get home. ### Think Take a moment to think about your situation. Answer the following questions: - What are your immediate needs? - What resources do you have available? - Did you tell someone your plans before you left? If so, when are they expecting you back? - Which way did you come from? ### Observe Next, observe your surroundings and assess your situation. The first thing to do is check your smartphone or GPS receiver for your location. If you have a maps app, open it and check if a map is available. You can also check for a signal to call for help. If you have no luck there, then look around and listen for signs of people, vehicles, or trails. Lastly, observe where you are and look for potential hazards or resources. ### Plan Make a plan for your next steps. First, try to put in a call or text for help if you are not in immediate danger. What you do next is going to depend on your current situation. Here's some general advice for actions you can take, ordered by importance: - If you are badly injured, treat your injuries. - If it is cold, get warm through insulation, shelter, and then fire (if easily started). - If the weather is bad, take shelter. - If it is hot, find shade and drink water. - If it is close to dark, set up a shelter and maybe a fire. - Start conserving food and water, but don't let yourself get thirsty. - If you have a minor injury, treat it. - Record your current location in your phone or GPS; if you have a bright piece of clothing, tie it to a tree where you can see it. - If you are out of water or just about to run out, find a water source and purify it. - Signal for help using the techniques later in this chapter. Do this often for the best odds of being found. - Try to determine your location using a map. - Check for signs of the trail nearby, but always keep your initial location in sight. - Identify nearby points of interest that you might be able to find on a map or hike to later if needed. - If you are out of food, start thinking about how you will forage or catch something to eat. You can survive for a while without food but will weaken over time. - If you have been out for several days to a week, you may need to consider hiking out. Leave a sign that you were here and in which direction you went, such as something tied to a tree and an arrow made of natural materials. In summary, the priority is to treat severe injuries, seek shelter, signal for help, find water, build a fire (to stay warm and boil water), determine your location, check for ways out, find food, and last and only if you've been out there for a long time, hike out. Your plan should adapt to your situation as it changes. Reevaluate often and stay hopeful that you will be found. ### Act Once you have a plan, act on it. If at any point you feel unsafe, nervous, unsure, or your situation changes, then stop and reassess. ## Planning a trip <!-- K: plan, trip --> <!-- S: Research the terrain, weather, and wildlife before leaving. Plan a route on a map and bring the necessary supplies. Share this plan with someone you trust. --> Before going into the wilderness, have a plan that you can stick to. Research the terrain, weather conditions, wildlife, and plants you might encounter. Check local regulations and any permits you may need. Use an up-to-date map to plan your route and some alternative routes if the trails are impassable. Also, look up trail conditions and the weather forecast for your trip. Once you have a trip planned out, pack the necessary gear and supplies and check all of it to ensure it is functional. You should share your plan with a trusted person, including the routes, who you are going with, when you will be back, and when you will contact them. If you don't have someone to whom you can tell these plans, leave a note with this information in a very visible place in your home. While you are hiking, stick to your route and avoid unnecessary risks. ## Signaling for help <!-- K: signal, help, contact, call, text, phone, whistle, mirror, smoke, flare, flashlight, ground-to-air --> <!-- S: Try your cell phone; it may be able to make emergency calls. Otherwise, use a whistle, signal mirror, smoke, flares, flashlight, or ground-to-air signals to attract attention. --> Signaling for help will increase your odds of being found. You should do this often, even if you don't think anyone is nearby or can hear you. ### Cell phone Many phones can call emergency services even without a signal from your carrier. If you can't make a call, try sending a text message. Check your phone periodically to see if you have a signal, but otherwise, keep it off or in airplane mode to conserve battery. You may get a better signal by moving to higher ground or an open area. ### Whistle Three short blasts are the universal signal for help. You may want to cover your ears when using the whistle at full volume. If you don't have a whistle, you can use your fingers, but it will likely take practice. 1. Clean your fingers using hand sanitizer or soap and water. 2. Create a V-shape by touching your index finger and thumb together. Some may prefer to use the index and middle fingers of both hands to form a larger V-shape. 3. Press the tip of your tongue into the top of your mouth. 4. Curl your lips over your teeth. 5. Put the two fingers into your mouth and press on the tip of your tongue. 6. Seal your lips around your fingers and blow to create a whistle. ### Signal mirror Hold the mirror with one hand and extend your other arm in front of you with your fingers in a V-shape and the target between your fingers. Reflect sunlight onto your fingers and slowly move the mirror up and down to flash sunlight at the potential rescuers. You can use a phone screen as a signal mirror, but it will be nowhere near as effective as an actual mirror and should be combined with another signal, such as smoke or a ground-to-air signal. ### Smoke Smoke can attract attention during the day. Burning green vegetation can create a lot of smoke, but be sure to do this safely. A fire at night can also be used to attract attention. ### Flares Flares are best seen at night or in low-visibility conditions. Follow the instructions on the flare packaging and be aware of any legal restrictions on their use. ### Flashlight At night, a flashlight can be used to signal for help. Use the international distress signal, SOS, which is three short flashes, three long flashes, and three short flashes. If you don't remember the SOS signal, flash the light repeatedly in groups of three. Aim it in the direction of aircraft or other potential rescuers. ### Ground-to-air signals Ground-to-air signals are large markers you create on the ground to communicate with aircraft. Use rocks, logs, or other materials to create a large "V" (means you require assistance) or an "X" (means you require medical assistance). Use contrasting or artificial colors to make the signal more visible. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/ground_to_air.webp) ## Disclaimer This guide is provided for informational purposes only, and neither the author, publisher, nor any contributors guarantee its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. By using this guide, you acknowledge that outdoor activities involve risks, and you do so at your own risk, agreeing to hold harmless and indemnify the author, publisher, and any contributors from any claims or damages arising from your use of this guide. Always consult professionals for advice specific to your situation, as this guide does not substitute for professional guidance. Furthermore, be aware that local laws and regulations may affect the legal use of the techniques described herein, and compliance is your responsibility. German 0 characters edited Current translation Empty yesterday
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. yesterday
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	English <!-- K: food, eat, meal, hunger, hungry, forage, identify, edible, inedible --> <!-- S: Ration food and forage when there's none left. --> Food gives you energy but is a low priority in most survival situations since you can go weeks without it. If you haven't eaten in a while, focus on foraging for bugs, shellfish, and aggregate berries. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, nuts, seeds, dried, fruit, jerky, energy, bar, mre, can, knife, multitool, multitool, bag, canister, utensil, stove, fuel --> <!-- S: Bring extra food. Learn how to find food and cook in the wilderness. --> ### Gear Necessities: - Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include: - Nuts - Seeds - Dried fruit - Jerky - Energy bars - Dehydrated meals (with extra water) - Canned food (with a can opener if needed) - Knife or multitool - Bear bag or canister Optional: - Cooking pot or container - Utensils (a spork is a good option) - Cooking stove and fuel ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Plan your meals for a trip. - Cook food by boiling or roasting over a fire. - Use a bear bag or canister to protect your food. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Identify edible plants and mushrooms. - Find and catch insects, shellfish, crustaceans, fish, and other animals. - Preserve food. - Make traps. ## Food essentials <!-- K: nutrition, caloric, calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, storage, starvation, ration --> <!-- S: You need around 2,000 calories daily, but you can ration your food to make it last longer. You should properly store your food to avoid spoilage. --> ### Caloric and nutritional needs The average person needs around 2,000 calories per day. Balance carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in your diet. - Carbohydrates: Provide an immediate source of energy and are found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aim for 45–65% of your daily caloric intake. - Fats: Provide long-term energy and are used in essential bodily functions. They are found in meats, oils, nuts, and seeds. Aim for 20–35% of your daily caloric intake. - Proteins: Build and repair tissues and are found in meats, legumes, nuts, and seeds. - Vitamins and minerals: Essential for overall health and are found in most foods, but a varied diet is necessary to ensure you get all the essential nutrients. ### Storage Food should be stored in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and contamination. Do not pack foods that spoil quickly or require refrigeration. If you bring zipper storage bags, you can also use them for water procurement. ### Rationing If you are in a survival situation, ration your food to make it last longer. Eat two-thirds of your food in the first half of your survival situation (about 2-3 days after your expected return date) and the remaining third in the following days. Eating food will give you the energy to construct a shelter and plan. ### Starvation Starvation occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to function correctly. Symptoms include loss of body fat, difficulty breathing, feeling colder, fatigue, and increased healing times. ## Plants and mushrooms <!-- K: plant, mushroom, seaweed, weeds, green, sap, fungus, forage, poison, toxic, leach, berries --> <!-- S: Only eat plants you can confidently identify as safe, and don't eat mushrooms. Aggregate berries, like raspberries and blackberries, are generally safe. --> Plants typically have fewer calories than animals but can be easier to obtain if you can identify them. If you can't identify which plants are safe, just focus on bugs and shellfish. You should also avoid mushrooms unless you are experienced in foraging, since many can make you sick. Familiarize yourself with local plants and mushrooms before your trip. ### Foraging The safest plant to forage is aggregate berries, such as raspberries and blackberries, since they have a distinctive look and are generally edible. Nuts and seeds are higher in calories than leafy greens, but some nuts, such as acorns, require multiple batches of boiling. Also, just because you see an animal eating a plant doesn't mean it is safe for human consumption. Never eat a plant you aren't certain is edible; even if you are certain, only eat a small amount and be on the lookout for side effects. The following should be avoided as the risk isn't worth the calories: - Mushrooms - Plants that have: - Umbrella-shaped flowers - Milky sap - Shiny leaves - White, yellow, or red berries (except aggregate berries) - Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods - Pungent odor - An almond/cyanide scent in the leaves or wood - Bitter or soapy taste - Thorns, hairs, or spines - A three-leaved growth pattern - Mildew or fungus - Plants that look like dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley - Spoiled plants/mushrooms/seaweed - Anything growing alongside a road or in dirty water ### Preparation All plants you gather should be washed and cooked. Many can be eaten raw, but if you have the means to cook them, it will be safer to avoid the risk of contamination. ## Insects <!-- K: insect, bug, grub, worm, ant, termite, locust, grasshopper, cricket, dragonfly, bait --> <!-- S: Most insects can be eaten when cooked or used as fishing bait. --> Insects are a good source of protein but need to be gathered in large numbers to provide a substantial meal. If you don't want to eat insects, you can use them as bait for fishing or trapping. ### Collection Good places to find insects include rotting logs, under rocks, and in grassy fields. Common edible bugs include ants, termites, locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, grubs, and worms. At night, many flying insects can be attracted to a light source. Do not eat the following: - Biting or stinging insects - Hairy or brightly colored insects - Insects with a pungent odor - Hairy caterpillars - Spiders - Anything that feeds off blood, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes ### Preparation To prepare bugs for cooking, remove any stingers and optionally the legs, wings, and head before eating. You should cook all bugs before eating them. Worms can be placed in water for 15 minutes to purge their digestive tracts before cooking. ## Shellfish and crustaceans <!-- K: shellfish, crustacean, clam, mussel, snail, limpet, crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, shell, bait, basket, trap, seafood, algae, tide, coastal, coast --> <!-- S: Many shellfish and crustaceans are found along the shoreline; most can be eaten when cooked. --> Shellfish and crustaceans are good sources of protein and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. They are relatively easy to catch, making them good survival food sources. ### Collection Search shallow waters, tide pools, and rocky areas for shellfish and crustaceans. Snails and limpets are often attached to rocks, which may be easier to access during low tide. Crayfish, lobsters, and crabs can be found under and around stones, in soft mud or sand, and may be more active at night. Crustaceans can be caught by attaching bait onto a line (no hook required, they'll grab it), baiting the shoreline and waiting for them to leave the water, or using a fish basket trap with bait. Some shellfish may be poisonous, and be especially cautious of mussels in tropical waters during the summer, any shellfish within three days of a red tide, or shellfish covered by water during high tide. ### Preparation You should cook all shellfish and crustaceans before eating. You can cook them in their shells. ## Fish <!-- K: fish, hook, line, pole, bait, basket, trap, funnel, kill, seafood, meat --> <!-- S: Most fish are edible once cooked but will require some fishing gear. --> If you are in a longer-term survival situation or have access to fishing gear, fish can be a good source of protein and nutrients. Most fish are edible, but research which fish may be dangerous in your area. ### Fishing Fish are most active before a storm, near rocks or logs, and under overhanging brush. Hook and line Fishing with a hook and line is likely your most familiar technique. You will need to secure a hook onto a line and optionally tie it to a pole. You can use the following knot to tie the hook to the line. Use a wet finger to help tighten it to the hook. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_fishermans.webp) Hooks with barbs are more effective than barbless hooks at keeping fish on the line. For best results, bait the hooks using insects, worms, or pieces of food. If you need to craft a hook, go with a gorge hook since it is easy to make and doesn't need to be set manually. One downside is that any fish caught with a gorge hook will almost certainly die if released. To carve a gorge hook, sharpen both sides of a small section of wood or bone and taper it at the center. Place the hook into the bait. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/gorge_hook.webp) If you do not have fishing line, you can make it from plant fibers, inner strands of paracord (using a bend knot to join them together), or other strong cordage. If you do not have a fishing pole, you can tie the line to both the base and tip of a sturdy stick - try to mimic what an actual fishing pole looks like. You can also wrap the line around a short stick and use it as a hand line. An easier technique may be to tie the line to a tree branch so you can do other things and check it frequently. Traps You can construct a basket fish trap by weaving branches or other materials together. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check it every few hours. This can also be used to catch crustaceans. Alternatively, use a funnel fish trap by placing sticks into a V-shape with a retaining area at the end. Fish swim into the trap and are unable to find their way out. In tidal areas, you can set up a wall of stones during low tide; as the tide recedes, fish may get trapped behind the wall. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) ### Preparation 1. Once you catch a fish, bring it away from the shoreline. Do not hold or place it near the water before killing it, as it may flop back in. 2. Stun the fish by hitting it hard on the head with a club or rock. Then use a knife to cut the gills or pierce the brain to ensure it is dead. 3. Remove scales by scraping them off with a knife (tail to head). 4. Cut open the belly and remove the entrails. You can also cut off the head and tail to make this easier. 5. Cut the fish into usable pieces or fillet it. If it is small, you can cook it whole. 6. Cook the fish. ## Other animals <!-- K: animal, hunt, bow, trap, deadfall, bird, reptile, amphibian, frog, snake, mammal, skin, kill, meat, butcher, skin --> <!-- S: Hunting or trapping can be energy-consuming and difficult without proper tools. --> In a survival situation, it's best to focus on easier-to-catch animals like insects, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish. But if you have the means to catch other animals, they can provide a good source of protein and nutrients. Unless you are a hunter with proper gear, do not try to hunt large animals. ### Hunting Clubs A club can be as simple as a stick with a heavy end. This can kill or stun fish or other small animals with a quick, forceful blow to the head. Spears A spear can be made by sharpening a stick. Unless you have experience, it's best to stab with the spear rather than throw it. To make it easier to hit your target, you can construct multiple spear points using a forked branch. Throwing sticks and rocks In a pinch, you can throw a heavy stick or rock to kill or stun small animals. Aim for the head to ensure a quick kill. ### Trapping Traps allow for the passive capture of small animals. They can be set up and left alone while you perform other tasks. Check them every few hours. Look for signs of animal activity like tracks, droppings, or chewed vegetation. Set up traps in areas where animals are likely to pass through. You can construct funnels or walls to guide animals into them. Baiting the traps can increase their effectiveness. Smoking the traps can help mask your scent. Deadfalls Deadfall traps work by dropping a heavy object on the animal when it triggers the trap. The trigger mechanism can be made from a stick and a bait stick. The trigger is released when the animal takes the bait, causing the heavy object to fall. Place one or more of these traps near your shelter to catch mice. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/figure_4_trap.webp) 1. Support stick (front / side) 2. Release stick (front / side) 3. Bait stick (front / side) 4. Bait 5. Rock ### Birds Birds are most easily caught at night when roosting, or you can eat eggs from nests. Use a club, throwing stick, or rock to kill or stun the bird. To prepare a bird for cooking: 1. Pluck feathers. To make this easier, place the bird in boiling water. Optionally, you can skin the bird, but that removes some fat. 2. Cut open the body cavity and remove the entrails. 3. For larger birds, cut off the feet and separate the bird into usable pieces along the joints. 4. Cook the bird. If you catch a seabird, skin it instead of plucking the feathers to remove the oil glands. If you catch a scavenger bird like a vulture, boil it for at least 20 minutes to kill parasites. ### Reptiles and amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are easier to catch than mammals and birds. Many can be found basking in open ground, on logs, or at the water's edge. Use a multi-pointed spear or pin them down with a stick behind the head. Always wash your hands after handling reptiles and amphibians, as they can carry salmonella. Cook the meat thoroughly. Do not eat the following: - Box turtles - Hawksbill turtles - Brightly colored frogs - Frogs with an X on their back - Tree frogs - Toads - Salamanders - Snakes: they are edible but may be dangerous to catch - If you kill a snake, cut off and bury its head before cleaning. Never touch the head with your hands; use sticks instead. ### Small mammals Small mammals can be caught using traps, clubs, throwing sticks, or rocks. To prepare a small mammal for cooking: 1. Make cuts down the insides of the back legs. 2. Pull the skin off the body like a glove. You'll need to sever the head and front feet to remove the skin. 3. Cut open the abdominal cavity and remove the entrails. Be careful not to puncture the intestines. This guide does not cover the preparation of large mammals, as they are challenging to catch and require a lot of energy to process. ## Cooking <!-- K: cook, boil, roast, bake, utensil, container, stove --> <!-- S: To avoid getting sick, boil, roast, or bake most foods. This will require you to start a fire or have a portable stove. --> Do not try to preserve the food you catch; just cook and eat it. ### Stoves Portable stoves are convenient ways to cook food. They can be fueled by wood, alcohol, or gas. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. You'll most likely use this to boil water rather than cook the food directly on the flame. Be sure to let the stove cool down before packing it away. ### Boiling Boiling preserves the most nutrients in food and is the safest cooking method. A metal container filled with water can be suspended over a fire or placed onto hot coals. See the Water chapter for more information on boiling water. ### Roasting Roasting is a quick and easy cooking method, but the food is less nutritious. You can roast food on a stick over a fire or place it on hot coals. ### Baking You can wrap food in leaves or clay and place it in the coals of a fire to bake it. This method is slower than roasting but preserves more nutrients. Do not skin fish or birds packed with clay; the skin will stick to the clay and can be removed after cooking. ### Utensils If you are packing utensils, a spork is a good option. Otherwise, you can handle food with a stick or your hands. Be sure to wash your hands before and after eating. ## Protection <!-- K: protect, bear, bag, canister, box --> <!-- S: Use bear bags or canisters to prevent animals from stealing your food. --> You may need to protect your food from animals. Here are some methods to keep your food safe: ### Bear bags A bear bag is a bag of food hoisted into a tree to keep it out of reach of bears and other animals. Find a tree with a branch about 20 feet (6 meters) off the ground and thick enough to support the weight of your food at about 10 feet (3 meters) from the trunk. 1. Place food in a bag. 2. Tie a rope to the bag. 3. Throw the other end of the rope over a branch. To give the line weight, attach a short stick to the end of it. Secure the stick with a clove hitch or jam knot. 4. Hoist the bag about 15 feet (4.5 meters) above the ground. 5. Tie the rope to a tree to keep the bag elevated. Use either a hitch or bowline knot. See the Shelter and Clothing chapter for details on how to tie knots. ### Bear canisters A bear canister is a rigid plastic container used to store food. It is bear-proof and can be left on the ground. Some campsites may provide a bear box, a large metal box used to store food. German 0 characters edited Current translation Empty yesterday
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. yesterday
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	English <!-- K: food, eat, meal, hunger, hungry, forage, identify, edible, inedible --> <!-- S: Ration food and forage when there's none left. --> Food gives you energy but is a low priority in most survival situations since you can go weeks without it. If you haven't eaten in a while, focus on foraging for bugs, shellfish, and aggregate berries. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, nuts, seeds, dried, fruit, jerky, energy, bar, mre, can, knife, multitool, multitool, bag, canister, utensil, stove, fuel --> <!-- S: Bring extra food. Learn how to find food and cook in the wilderness. --> ### Gear Necessities: - Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include: - Nuts - Seeds - Dried fruit - Jerky - Energy bars - Dehydrated meals (with extra water) - Canned food (with a can opener if needed) - Knife or multitool - Bear bag or canister Optional: - Cooking pot or container - Utensils (a spork is a good option) - Cooking stove and fuel ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Plan your meals for a trip. - Cook food by boiling or roasting over a fire. - Use a bear bag or canister to protect your food. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Identify edible plants and mushrooms. - Find and catch insects, shellfish, crustaceans, fish, and other animals. - Preserve food. - Make traps. ## Food essentials <!-- K: nutrition, caloric, calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, storage, starvation, ration --> <!-- S: You need around 2,000 calories daily, but you can ration your food to make it last longer. You should properly store your food to avoid spoilage. --> ### Caloric and nutritional needs The average person needs around 2,000 calories per day. Balance carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in your diet. - Carbohydrates: Provide an immediate source of energy and are found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aim for 45–65% of your daily caloric intake. - Fats: Provide long-term energy and are used in essential bodily functions. They are found in meats, oils, nuts, and seeds. Aim for 20–35% of your daily caloric intake. - Proteins: Build and repair tissues and are found in meats, legumes, nuts, and seeds. - Vitamins and minerals: Essential for overall health and are found in most foods, but a varied diet is necessary to ensure you get all the essential nutrients. ### Storage Food should be stored in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and contamination. Do not pack foods that spoil quickly or require refrigeration. If you bring zipper storage bags, you can also use them for water procurement. ### Rationing If you are in a survival situation, ration your food to make it last longer. Eat two-thirds of your food in the first half of your survival situation (about 2-3 days after your expected return date) and the remaining third in the following days. Eating food will give you the energy to construct a shelter and plan. ### Starvation Starvation occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to function correctly. Symptoms include loss of body fat, difficulty breathing, feeling colder, fatigue, and increased healing times. ## Plants and mushrooms <!-- K: plant, mushroom, seaweed, weeds, green, sap, fungus, forage, poison, toxic, leach, berries --> <!-- S: Only eat plants you can confidently identify as safe, and don't eat mushrooms. Aggregate berries, like raspberries and blackberries, are generally safe. --> Plants typically have fewer calories than animals but can be easier to obtain if you can identify them. If you can't identify which plants are safe, just focus on bugs and shellfish. You should also avoid mushrooms unless you are experienced in foraging, since many can make you sick. Familiarize yourself with local plants and mushrooms before your trip. ### Foraging The safest plant to forage is aggregate berries, such as raspberries and blackberries, since they have a distinctive look and are generally edible. Nuts and seeds are higher in calories than leafy greens, but some nuts, such as acorns, require multiple batches of boiling. Also, just because you see an animal eating a plant doesn't mean it is safe for human consumption. Never eat a plant you aren't certain is edible; even if you are certain, only eat a small amount and be on the lookout for side effects. The following should be avoided as the risk isn't worth the calories: - Mushrooms - Plants that have: - Umbrella-shaped flowers - Milky sap - Shiny leaves - White, yellow, or red berries (except aggregate berries) - Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods - Pungent odor - An almond/cyanide scent in the leaves or wood - Bitter or soapy taste - Thorns, hairs, or spines - A three-leaved growth pattern - Mildew or fungus - Plants that look like dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley - Spoiled plants/mushrooms/seaweed - Anything growing alongside a road or in dirty water ### Preparation All plants you gather should be washed and cooked. Many can be eaten raw, but if you have the means to cook them, it will be safer to avoid the risk of contamination. ## Insects <!-- K: insect, bug, grub, worm, ant, termite, locust, grasshopper, cricket, dragonfly, bait --> <!-- S: Most insects can be eaten when cooked or used as fishing bait. --> Insects are a good source of protein but need to be gathered in large numbers to provide a substantial meal. If you don't want to eat insects, you can use them as bait for fishing or trapping. ### Collection Good places to find insects include rotting logs, under rocks, and in grassy fields. Common edible bugs include ants, termites, locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, grubs, and worms. At night, many flying insects can be attracted to a light source. Do not eat the following: - Biting or stinging insects - Hairy or brightly colored insects - Insects with a pungent odor - Hairy caterpillars - Spiders - Anything that feeds off blood, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes ### Preparation To prepare bugs for cooking, remove any stingers and optionally the legs, wings, and head before eating. You should cook all bugs before eating them. Worms can be placed in water for 15 minutes to purge their digestive tracts before cooking. ## Shellfish and crustaceans <!-- K: shellfish, crustacean, clam, mussel, snail, limpet, crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, shell, bait, basket, trap, seafood, algae, tide, coastal, coast --> <!-- S: Many shellfish and crustaceans are found along the shoreline; most can be eaten when cooked. --> Shellfish and crustaceans are good sources of protein and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. They are relatively easy to catch, making them good survival food sources. ### Collection Search shallow waters, tide pools, and rocky areas for shellfish and crustaceans. Snails and limpets are often attached to rocks, which may be easier to access during low tide. Crayfish, lobsters, and crabs can be found under and around stones, in soft mud or sand, and may be more active at night. Crustaceans can be caught by attaching bait onto a line (no hook required, they'll grab it), baiting the shoreline and waiting for them to leave the water, or using a fish basket trap with bait. Some shellfish may be poisonous, and be especially cautious of mussels in tropical waters during the summer, any shellfish within three days of a red tide, or shellfish covered by water during high tide. ### Preparation You should cook all shellfish and crustaceans before eating. You can cook them in their shells. ## Fish <!-- K: fish, hook, line, pole, bait, basket, trap, funnel, kill, seafood, meat --> <!-- S: Most fish are edible once cooked but will require some fishing gear. --> If you are in a longer-term survival situation or have access to fishing gear, fish can be a good source of protein and nutrients. Most fish are edible, but research which fish may be dangerous in your area. ### Fishing Fish are most active before a storm, near rocks or logs, and under overhanging brush. Hook and line Fishing with a hook and line is likely your most familiar technique. You will need to secure a hook onto a line and optionally tie it to a pole. You can use the following knot to tie the hook to the line. Use a wet finger to help tighten it to the hook. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/knot_fishermans.webp) Hooks with barbs are more effective than barbless hooks at keeping fish on the line. For best results, bait the hooks using insects, worms, or pieces of food. If you need to craft a hook, go with a gorge hook since it is easy to make and doesn't need to be set manually. One downside is that any fish caught with a gorge hook will almost certainly die if released. To carve a gorge hook, sharpen both sides of a small section of wood or bone and taper it at the center. Place the hook into the bait. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/gorge_hook.webp) If you do not have fishing line, you can make it from plant fibers, inner strands of paracord (using a bend knot to join them together), or other strong cordage. If you do not have a fishing pole, you can tie the line to both the base and tip of a sturdy stick - try to mimic what an actual fishing pole looks like. You can also wrap the line around a short stick and use it as a hand line. An easier technique may be to tie the line to a tree branch so you can do other things and check it frequently. Traps You can construct a basket fish trap by weaving branches or other materials together. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check it every few hours. This can also be used to catch crustaceans. Alternatively, use a funnel fish trap by placing sticks into a V-shape with a retaining area at the end. Fish swim into the trap and are unable to find their way out. In tidal areas, you can set up a wall of stones during low tide; as the tide recedes, fish may get trapped behind the wall. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) ### Preparation 1. Once you catch a fish, bring it away from the shoreline. Do not hold or place it near the water before killing it, as it may flop back in. 2. Stun the fish by hitting it hard on the head with a club or rock. Then use a knife to cut the gills or pierce the brain to ensure it is dead. 3. Remove scales by scraping them off with a knife (tail to head). 4. Cut open the belly and remove the entrails. You can also cut off the head and tail to make this easier. 5. Cut the fish into usable pieces or fillet it. If it is small, you can cook it whole. 6. Cook the fish. ## Other animals <!-- K: animal, hunt, bow, trap, deadfall, bird, reptile, amphibian, frog, snake, mammal, skin, kill, meat, butcher, skin --> <!-- S: Hunting or trapping can be energy-consuming and difficult without proper tools. --> In a survival situation, it's best to focus on easier-to-catch animals like insects, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish. But if you have the means to catch other animals, they can provide a good source of protein and nutrients. Unless you are a hunter with proper gear, do not try to hunt large animals. ### Hunting Clubs A club can be as simple as a stick with a heavy end. This can kill or stun fish or other small animals with a quick, forceful blow to the head. Spears A spear can be made by sharpening a stick. Unless you have experience, it's best to stab with the spear rather than throw it. To make it easier to hit your target, you can construct multiple spear points using a forked branch. Throwing sticks and rocks In a pinch, you can throw a heavy stick or rock to kill or stun small animals. Aim for the head to ensure a quick kill. ### Trapping Traps allow for the passive capture of small animals. They can be set up and left alone while you perform other tasks. Check them every few hours. Look for signs of animal activity like tracks, droppings, or chewed vegetation. Set up traps in areas where animals are likely to pass through. You can construct funnels or walls to guide animals into them. Baiting the traps can increase their effectiveness. Smoking the traps can help mask your scent. Deadfalls Deadfall traps work by dropping a heavy object on the animal when it triggers the trap. The trigger mechanism can be made from a stick and a bait stick. The trigger is released when the animal takes the bait, causing the heavy object to fall. Place one or more of these traps near your shelter to catch mice. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/figure_4_trap.webp) 1. Support stick (front / side) 2. Release stick (front / side) 3. Bait stick (front / side) 4. Bait 5. Rock ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/35.webp) ### Birds Birds are most easily caught at night when roosting, or you can eat eggs from nests. Use a club, throwing stick, or rock to kill or stun the bird. To prepare a bird for cooking: 1. Pluck feathers. To make this easier, place the bird in boiling water. Optionally, you can skin the bird, but that removes some fat. 2. Cut open the body cavity and remove the entrails. 3. For larger birds, cut off the feet and separate the bird into usable pieces along the joints. 4. Cook the bird. If you catch a seabird, skin it instead of plucking the feathers to remove the oil glands. If you catch a scavenger bird like a vulture, boil it for at least 20 minutes to kill parasites. ### Reptiles and amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are easier to catch than mammals and birds. Many can be found basking in open ground, on logs, or at the water's edge. Use a multi-pointed spear or pin them down with a stick behind the head. Always wash your hands after handling reptiles and amphibians, as they can carry salmonella. Cook the meat thoroughly. Do not eat the following: - Box turtles - Hawksbill turtles - Brightly colored frogs - Frogs with an X on their back - Tree frogs - Toads - Salamanders - Snakes: they are edible but may be dangerous to catch - If you kill a snake, cut off and bury its head before cleaning. Never touch the head with your hands; use sticks instead. ### Small mammals Small mammals can be caught using traps, clubs, throwing sticks, or rocks. To prepare a small mammal for cooking: 1. Make cuts down the insides of the back legs. 2. Pull the skin off the body like a glove. You'll need to sever the head and front feet to remove the skin. 3. Cut open the abdominal cavity and remove the entrails. Be careful not to puncture the intestines. This guide does not cover the preparation of large mammals, as they are challenging to catch and require a lot of energy to process. ## Cooking <!-- K: cook, boil, roast, bake, utensil, container, stove --> <!-- S: To avoid getting sick, boil, roast, or bake most foods. This will require you to start a fire or have a portable stove. --> Do not try to preserve the food you catch; just cook and eat it. ### Stoves Portable stoves are convenient ways to cook food. They can be fueled by wood, alcohol, or gas. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. You'll most likely use this to boil water rather than cook the food directly on the flame. Be sure to let the stove cool down before packing it away. ### Boiling Boiling preserves the most nutrients in food and is the safest cooking method. A metal container filled with water can be suspended over a fire or placed onto hot coals. See the Water chapter for more information on boiling water. ### Roasting Roasting is a quick and easy cooking method, but the food is less nutritious. You can roast food on a stick over a fire or place it on hot coals. ### Baking You can wrap food in leaves or clay and place it in the coals of a fire to bake it. This method is slower than roasting but preserves more nutrients. Do not skin fish or birds packed with clay; the skin will stick to the clay and can be removed after cooking. ### Utensils If you are packing utensils, a spork is a good option. Otherwise, you can handle food with a stick or your hands. Be sure to wash your hands before and after eating. ## Protection <!-- K: protect, bear, bag, canister, box --> <!-- S: Use bear bags or canisters to prevent animals from stealing your food. --> You may need to protect your food from animals. Here are some methods to keep your food safe: ### Bear bags A bear bag is a bag of food hoisted into a tree to keep it out of reach of bears and other animals. Find a tree with a branch about 20 feet (6 meters) off the ground and thick enough to support the weight of your food at about 10 feet (3 meters) from the trunk. 1. Place food in a bag. 2. Tie a rope to the bag. 3. Throw the other end of the rope over a branch. To give the line weight, attach a short stick to the end of it. Secure the stick with a clove hitch or jam knot. 4. Hoist the bag about 15 feet (4.5 meters) above the ground. 5. Tie the rope to a tree to keep the bag elevated. Use either a hitch or bowline knot. See the Shelter and Clothing chapter for details on how to tie knots. ### Bear canisters A bear canister is a rigid plastic container used to store food. It is bear-proof and can be left on the ground. Some campsites may provide a bear box, a large metal box used to store food. German 0 characters edited Current translation Empty yesterday
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/de-rDE`” file was changed. 2 days ago
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide German	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. 2 days ago

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Trail Sense

Trail Sense User Guide

German

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