Trail Sense/Trail Sense User Guide — English @ Hosted Weblate

83	Strings	100%	Browse Translate
44,127	Words	100%
258,646	Characters	100%

Strings Words Characters
83 44,127 258,646	All strings	Browse Translate Zen
83 44,127 258,646	Read-only strings	Browse Translate Zen
7 7,924 45,079	Strings with any failing checks	Browse Translate Zen
1 363 2,086	Failing check: Unpluralised	Browse Translate Zen
2 1,917 10,729	Failing check: Ellipsis	Browse Translate Zen
4 5,644 32,264	Failing check: Multiple failing checks	Browse Translate Zen
83 44,127 258,646	Strings without a label	Browse Translate Zen

Component	Translated	Unfinished	Unfinished words	Unfinished characters	Untranslated	Checks	Suggestions	Comments
Trail Sense Android MIT	100%	0	0	0	0	927	1	11

Trail Sense Store Metadata MIT	100%	0	0	0	0	6	0	0

Project website	kylecorry.com/Trail-Sense
Instructions for translators	https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense#contributing
Project maintainers	kylecorry31
Translation license	MIT License
Translation process	Translations can be made directly. Translation suggestions can be made. Any authenticated user can contribute. The translation uses monolingual files. The translation base language can not be edited.
Source code repository	`https://github.com/kylecorry31/Trail-Sense`
Repository branch	main
Last remote commit	Update clover image `cbb5fc0e9` kylecorry31 authored 27 minutes ago
Last commit in Weblate	Update clover image `cbb5fc0e9` kylecorry31 authored 27 minutes ago
Weblate repository	`https://hosted.weblate.org/git/trail-sense/trail-sense-android/`
File mask	`guides/*`
Monolingual base language file	`guides/en-US`
Translation file	Download `guides/en-US`
Last change	Feb. 23, 2025, 9:20 p.m.
Last change made by	None
Language	English
Language code	en
Text direction	Left to right
Case sensitivity	Case-sensitive
Number of speakers	1,728,900,209
Number of plurals	2
Plural type	One/other
Plurals	Singular	1
Plural	0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, …
Plural formula	`n != 1`

	Strings percent	Hosted strings	Words percent	Hosted words	Characters percent	Hosted characters
Total		83		44,127		258,646
Translated	100%	83	100%	44,127	100%	258,646
Needs editing	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Read-only	100%	83	100%	44,127	100%	258,646
Failing checks	8%	7	17%	7,924	17%	45,079
Strings with suggestions	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0
Untranslated strings	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0

None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. 27 minutes ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English Clover A small plant with 3 leaves, commonly found in fields and grassy areas. Its leaves and flowers are edible. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover English 36 characters edited Current translation Read-only Clover A small plant with 3 leaves, commonly found in fields and grassy areas. Its leaves and flowers are edible. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover ~~Image by Dim Grits (Public domain)~~ 27 minutes ago
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. an hour ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English Clam A bivalve mollusk with many varieties, many of which are edible. They are found in both saltwater and freshwater environments, typically halfway buried in sand. During low tide, clams can be located along the shoreline by digging where small holes or bubbles appear. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam English 46 characters edited Current translation Read-only Clam A bivalve mollusk with many varieties, many of which are edible. They are found in both saltwater and freshwater environments, typically halfway buried in sand. During low tide, clams can be located along the shoreline by digging where small holes or bubbles appear. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam ~~Image by Panoramio upload bot (CC BY-SA 3.0)~~ an hour ago
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. 3 hours ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English Periwinkle A small marine snail with a spiral shell, typically found clinging to rocks, tidal pools, and other hard surfaces along the shoreline. While many are edible, periwinkles should only be collected from clean water sources, as they can accumulate toxins from polluted environments. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorinidae English 30 characters edited Current translation Read-only Periwinkle A small marine snail with a spiral shell, typically found clinging to rocks, tidal pools, and other hard surfaces along the shoreline. While many are edible, periwinkles should only be collected from clean water sources, as they can accumulate toxins from polluted environments. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorinidae ~~Image by Gdr (Public domain)~~ 3 hours ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English Mussel A bivalve mollusk with an elongated shell, usually attached to rocks or other hard surfaces along the shoreline. Mussels are found in both saltwater and freshwater. Many species are edible, but mussels can retain toxins from the water, especially during summer months, so only those harvested from clean sources should be consumed. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel English 58 characters edited Current translation Read-only Mussel A bivalve mollusk with an elongated shell, usually attached to rocks or other hard surfaces along the shoreline. Mussels are found in both saltwater and freshwater. Many species are edible, but mussels can retain toxins from the water, especially during summer months, so only those harvested from clean sources should be consumed. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel ~~Image by File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) (Public domain)~~ 3 hours ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English Ant A small insect that lives in large colonies, commonly found in soil, trees, or under rocks. They are omnivorous and are active during the day. Most ants are edible. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant English 41 characters edited Current translation Read-only Ant A small insect that lives in large colonies, commonly found in soil, trees, or under rocks. They are omnivorous and are active during the day. Most ants are edible. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant ~~Image by Anna Frodesiak (Public domain)~~ 3 hours ago
None Resource updated Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	The “`guides/en-US`” file was changed. 5 hours ago
None String updated in the repository Trail Sense Trail Sense User Guide English	English <!-- K: food, eat, meal, hunger, hungry, forage, identify, edible, inedible --> <!-- S: Ration food and forage when there's none left. --> This chapter covers how to find and prepare food in a survival situation. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, nuts, seeds, dried, fruit, jerky, energy, bar, mre, can, knife, multitool, multi-tool, bag, canister, utensil, stove, fuel --> <!-- S: Bring extra food. Learn how to find food and cook in the wilderness. --> ### Gear Necessities: - Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include: - Nuts - Seeds - Dried fruit - Jerky - Energy bars - Dehydrated meals (with extra water) - Canned food (with a can opener if needed) - Knife or multi-tool - Bear bag or canister Optional: - Cooking pot or container - Utensils (a spork is a good option) - Cooking stove and fuel ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Plan your meals for a trip. - Cook food by boiling or roasting over a fire. - Use a bear bag or canister to protect your food. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Identify edible plants and mushrooms. - Find and catch insects, shellfish, crustaceans, fish, and other animals. - Preserve food. - Make traps and snares. ## Food essentials <!-- K: nutrition, caloric, calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, storage, starvation, ration --> <!-- S: You need around 2,000 calories per day, but you can ration your food to make it last longer. You should properly store your food to avoid spoilage. --> ### Caloric and nutritional needs The average person needs around 2,000 calories per day. You should aim to balance carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in your diet. - Carbohydrates: Provide an immediate source of energy and are found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aim for 45–65% of your daily caloric intake. - Fats: Provide long-term energy and are used in essential bodily functions. They are found in meats, oils, nuts, and seeds. Aim for 20–35% of your daily caloric intake. - Proteins: Build and repair tissues and are found in meats, legumes, nuts, and seeds. - Vitamins and minerals: Essential for overall health and are found in most foods, but a varied diet is necessary to ensure you get all the necessary nutrients. ### Storage Food should be stored in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and contamination. Do not pack foods that spoil quickly or require refrigeration. ### Rationing If you are in a survival situation, you may need to ration your food to make it last longer. A recommended method is to divide your food into thirds. Eat two-thirds of your food during the first half of the time you expect to be lost and save the last third for the second half. It may be difficult to estimate how long you will be lost, but figure around 2–3 days after your expected return date, assuming you shared your plans with someone. ### Starvation Starvation occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to function properly. Symptoms include: - Loss of body fat. - Difficulty breathing. - Lower body temperature. - Reduced muscle mass. - Fatigue. - Longer healing time for wounds and illnesses. ## Plants and mushrooms <!-- K: plant, mushroom, seaweed, weeds, green, sap, fungus, forage, poison, toxic, leach, test, berries --> <!-- S: Only eat plants you can confidently identity as safe and don't eat any mushrooms. Aggregate berries, like raspberries and blackberries, are generally safe. --> The safest method for consuming wild plants is through positive identification. Before your trip, it's wise to study local plants through guidebooks or plant identification cards. ### Foraging Key considerations when choosing plants include: - Plants in or near contaminated water must be washed and cooked to avoid consuming harmful bacteria or chemicals. - Even within the same species, plants can vary in toxicity due to environmental factors. - If you are sensitive to allergens like poison ivy, steer clear of similar plants such as mangoes or cashews, which can cause similar reactions. - Some plants are more nutritious than others. For example, nuts and seeds are high in calories and fats, while leafy greens are high in vitamins and minerals. - Some plants are fine for animals but toxic to humans. - Aggregate berries are generally safe. These include raspberries and blackberries. - Seaweed washed ashore may be spoiled or decayed. - Avoid the following: - Mushrooms. - Roadside plants. - Plants with umbrella-shaped flowers. - Plants with milky sap. - Plants with shiny leaves. - Plants with white, yellow, or red berries. - Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods. - Plants with a pungent odor. - Plants with an almond scent in the leaves or woody parts. - Plants with a bitter or soapy taste. - Plants with thorns, fine hairs, or spines. - Plants that resemble dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley. - Plants with three-leaved growth patterns. - Plants with signs of mildew, fungus, or spoilage. Edibility testing If unsure about a plant and are in extreme need, you can use the Universal Edibility Test to determine its safety. This should be a last resort and is not advised, as it can be dangerous. The test is as follows: 1. If the plant has an unpleasant odor, do not proceed. 2. Crush or break part of the plant to check for colored or milky sap. Only proceed if the sap is clear. 3. Touch the plant's sap or juice to the inner forearm. If there are no ill effects, such as a rash or burning sensation, proceed. 4. Place the plant's sap or juice on the outer lip for eight minutes. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 5. Taste a small pinch of the plant and leave it in your mouth for eight minutes. If there's an unpleasant taste or burning sensation, spit it out and rinse your mouth. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 6. Swallow the small pinch of the plant from step 5. Wait eight hours. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 7. Eat a handful of the plant and wait another eight hours. If there are no ill effects, the plant is safe to eat. Exercise restraint when eating large quantities of a new plant, as it may cause digestive issues. Note that each part of a plant needs to be tested separately, as some parts may be toxic while others are safe. ### Preparation Wash plants, then cut them into usable pieces. Some plants can be eaten raw, while others need to be cooked. Leaching Some plants contain toxins that can be removed by leaching. A common example is acorns, which can be shelled and boiled in several changes of water to remove tannins. ## Insects <!-- K: insect, bug, grub, worm, ant, termite, locust, grasshopper, cricket, dragonfly, bait --> <!-- S: Most insects can be eaten when cooked or used as fishing bait. --> Insects are a good source of protein but need to be gathered in large numbers to provide a substantial meal. If you don't want to eat insects, you can use them as bait for fishing or trapping. ### Collection Good places to find insects include rotting logs, under rocks, and in grassy fields. Do not eat the following insects: - Biting or stinging insects. - Hairy or brightly colored insects. - Insects with a pungent odor. - Hairy caterpillars. - Spiders. - Ticks. - Flies. - Mosquitoes. Common edible insects include: - Ants and termites. - Locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets. - Dragonflies. - Worms and grubs. Many flying insects can be attracted to a light source at night, making them easier to catch. ### Preparation Remove the following parts before eating insects: - Stingers. - Legs. - Wings. - Head. Cook all insects using any of the cooking techniques in this chapter. Worms can be placed in water for 15 minutes to purge their digestive tracts. After purging, they should be cooked before eating. ## Shellfish and crustaceans <!-- K: shellfish, crustacean, clam, mussel, snail, limpet, crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, shell, bait, basket, trap, seafood, algae, tide, coastal, coast --> <!-- S: Many shellfish and crustaceans are found along the shoreline and most can be eaten when cooked. --> Shellfish and crustaceans are a good source of protein and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. They are relatively easy to catch, so they make a good survival food source. ### Collection Search shallow waters, tide pools, and rocky areas for shellfish and crustaceans. Snails and limpets can often be found attached to rocks, which may be easier to access during low tide. In freshwater, crayfish can be located under and around stones in streams or in soft mud during the daytime. You can attach bait to a string and lower it into the water to attract crayfish. Once it grabs the bait, pull it to shore. In saltwater, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp can be found near the water's edge or in shallow water. Crabs will come to shore if you leave bait at the water's edge, where they can be easily caught. Lobsters and crabs are more active at night, and shrimp are attracted to light. Caution: Mussels may be poisonous in tropical waters during the summer. If a red tide occurred within three days, do not eat fish or shellfish. Do not eat shellfish covered by water during high tide. ### Trapping A basket fish trap can be used to catch crustaceans. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check the trap every few hours to see if you have caught anything. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) For details on how to construct this trap, see the Fish section of this chapter. ### Preparation Fully cook to kill parasites. Shellfish can be cooked in their shells. ## Fish <!-- K: fish, hook, line, pole, bait, stakeout, gill, net, basket, trap, funnel, kill, seafood, meat --> <!-- S: Most fish are edible once cooked, but will require some fishing gear. --> If you are in a longer-term survival situation or have access to fishing gear, fish can be a good source of protein and nutrients. ### Fishing Fish are most active: - Before a storm. - Near rocks or logs. - Under overhanging brush. There are no poisonous freshwater fish, but there are some poisonous saltwater fish. Most fish are edible. Hooks Hooks with barbs are more effective than barbless hooks at keeping fish on the line. See the Crafting chapter for how to make fishhooks. Lines If you do not have fishing line, you can make it from plant fibers, inner strands of paracord (using a bend knot to join them together), or other strong cordage. Poles If you do not have a fishing pole, you can make one from a stick, bamboo, or other materials. You can also wrap the line around a short stick and use it as a hand line. Bait For best results, bait the hooks using insects, worms, or pieces of food. Stakeout Also known as a trotline, this method involves setting a line with multiple hooks across a stream or river. The line is secured to a tree or stake on each side of the water. Check the line every few hours to see if you have caught anything. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/46.webp) Gill net A gill net is set in the water to catch fish by their gills. The net is weighted at the bottom and floats at the top. Fish swim into the net and become entangled in the mesh. Check the net every few hours. A gill net can be made using the inner strands of paracord or other strong cordage: 1. Tie a suspension line between two sticks. 2. Attach lines to the guide line at intervals. 3. Using overhand knots, form the net. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/48.webp) For best results, place the net in a narrow part of the stream or river near a bend. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/49.webp) Traps You can construct a basket fish trap by weaving together branches or other materials. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check it every few hours. This can also be used to catch crustaceans. Alternatively, use a funnel fish trap by placing sticks into a V-shape with a retaining area at the end. Fish swim into the trap and are unable to find their way out. In tidal areas, you can set up a wall of stones during low tide; as the tide recedes, fish may get trapped behind the wall. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) ### Preparation 1. Kill the fish by hitting it on the head with a club or rock. Use a hard, quick blow. You can then use a knife to cut the gills or pierce the brain to ensure the fish is dead. 2. Remove scales by scraping them off with a knife (tail to head). 3. Remove entrails by cutting the belly open and pulling them out. You can also cut off the head and tail to make this easier. 4. Cut into usable pieces or fillet the fish. If it is a small fish, you can also just cook it whole. 5. Cook the fish. ## Other animals <!-- K: animal, hunt, bow, trap, snare, deadfall, bird, reptile, amphibian, frog, snake, mammal, skin, kill, meat, butcher, skin --> <!-- S: Hunting or trapping can be energy consuming and difficult without proper tools. --> In a survival situation, it's best to focus on easier-to-catch animals like insects, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish. But if you have the means to catch other animals, they can provide a good source of protein and nutrients. ### Hunting Firearms and bows If you have a firearm or bow with you, the odds are that you know how to use it. Aim for the vital organs to ensure a quick kill. It is unlikely you will be able to construct a survival bow that is effective for hunting. Clubs A club can be as simple as a stick with a heavy end. This can be used to kill small fish or other animals with a quick, forceful blow to the head. Spears and gigs A spear can be made by sharpening a stick and optionally hardening the tip in a fire. While it can be thrown, it's more effective to use it as a thrusting weapon without experience. For hunting smaller animals like frogs, a gig can be made by finding a forked stick and sharpening the ends. Optionally, split the ends of a larger stick and insert smaller sticks to keep the split open. Throwing sticks and rocks In a pinch, you can use a throwing stick or rock to kill or stun small animals. Aim for the head to ensure a quick kill. The throwing stick can be made by finding a stick with a natural curve that has some weight to it. Throw it like you would throw a boomerang. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/112.webp) ### Trapping Traps and snares allow for the passive capture of small animals. They can be set up and left alone while you perform other tasks. Check them every few hours. Look for signs of animal activity like tracks, droppings, or chewed vegetation. Set up traps and snares in areas where animals are likely to pass through. You can construct funnels or walls to guide animals into them. Baiting the traps and snares can increase their effectiveness. Use food native to the area that animals are likely to eat. Smoking the traps and snares can help mask your scent. Snares Wire is the best material for snares, but other cordage like paracord can be used. Set the snare at head height for the animal you're trying to catch. The snare should form a loop that tightens when the animal walks through it. Use small twigs to prop the snare open. To construct a snare: 1. Tie the locking mechanism as shown in the pictures below. 2. Run the cordage or wire through the locking mechanism to form a loop. 3. Attach the other end of the cordage or wire to a tree or stake. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/27.webp) ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/29.webp) Deadfalls Deadfall traps are good for catching small animals. They work by dropping a heavy object on the animal when it triggers the trap. The trigger mechanism can be made from a stick and a bait stick. When the animal takes the bait, the trigger releases, causing the heavy object to fall. Examples of deadfall traps: ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/34.webp) ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/35.webp) ### Birds Without a firearm or bow, birds can be difficult to catch. They are most easily caught at night when roosting. Use a club, throwing stick, or rock to kill or stun the bird. Also, look for bird nests, as they may contain eggs. To prepare a bird for cooking: 1. Pluck feathers. You can place the bird in boiling water to make this easier. Optionally, you can skin the bird instead, but that removes some of the fat. 2. Cut open the body cavity and remove the entrails. 3. For larger birds, cut off the feet and separate the bird into usable pieces along the joints. 4. Cook the bird. Notes: - Sea birds should be skinned rather than plucked to remove oil glands. - Scavenger birds, such as vultures, should be boiled for at least 20 minutes to kill parasites. ### Reptiles and amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are easier to catch than mammals and birds. They can be found moving across open ground. Use a gig or pin them down with a stick behind the head. Frogs can be caught near water sources using a gig. Traps with bait may also be effective for catching reptiles and amphibians. To clean a snake: 1. Cut off the head and bury it to avoid accidentally stepping on it. 2. Slit the belly and remove the entrails. 3. Skin the snake and cut it into usable pieces. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/42.webp) Always wash your hands after handling reptiles and amphibians, as they can carry salmonella. Cook the meat thoroughly. Do not eat the following: - Box turtles. - Hawksbill turtles. - Brightly colored frogs. - Frogs with an X on their back. - Tree frogs. - Toads. - Salamanders. ### Small mammals Small mammals can be caught using traps, snares, or deadfalls. They can also be caught using a club, throwing stick, or rock. To prepare a small mammal for cooking: 1. Make cuts down the insides of the back legs. 2. Pull the skin off the body like a glove. You'll need to sever the head and front feet to remove the skin. 3. Cut open the abdominal cavity and remove the entrails. Be careful not to puncture the intestines. This guide does not cover the preparation of large mammals, as they are difficult to catch and require a lot of energy to process. ## Cooking <!-- K: cook, boil, roast, bake, utensil, container, stove --> <!-- S: You should boil, roast, or bake most foods to avoid getting sick. This will require you to start fire or have a portable stove. --> ### Stoves Portable stoves are a convenient way to cook food. They can be fueled by wood, alcohol, or gas. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. Be sure to let the stove cool down before packing it away. ### Boiling Boiling preserves the most nutrients in food and is the safest method of cooking. You can use a metal container filled with water suspended over a fire or placed onto hot coals. See the Water chapter for more information on boiling water. ### Roasting Roasting is a quick and easy method of cooking, but you will get fewer nutrients from the food. You can roast food on a stick over a fire or place it on hot coals. ### Baking You can wrap food in leaves or clay and place it in the coals of a fire to bake it. This method is slower than roasting but preserves more nutrients. Do not skin fish or birds packed with clay, as the skin will stick to the clay and can be removed after cooking. ### Utensils If you are packing utensils, a spork is a good option. Otherwise, you can use a stick or your hands to handle food. Be sure to wash your hands before eating. ## Preservation <!-- K: preserve, dry, smoke, freeze, refrigerate, store --> <!-- S: In a long-term survival situation, you should preserve excess food to avoid spoilage. --> In most survival scenarios, it's best to consume food as soon as possible to avoid spoilage. In a longer-term scenario, you can use the following methods to preserve food: - Sun drying: Hang or place food on rocks in direct sunlight. Turn the food occasionally to ensure even drying. - Smoking: Hang food over a smoky fire to dry it out. For best results, use a fire with little flame and lots of smoke in a poorly ventilated area. - Freezing: Freeze food in meal-sized portions only if the temperature is consistently below freezing. If the temperature is above freezing, the food may start thawing. - Natural refrigeration: Bury food in snow, underground (lined with grass or leaves), or wrap it in a wet cloth. - Live storage: Store fish in a trap or a pen made of rocks and sticks in a stream. Insects can be stored in a container with holes in the lid. ## Protection <!-- K: protect, bear, bag, canister, box --> <!-- S: Use bear bags or canisters to prevent animals from stealing your food. --> You may need to protect your food from animals. Here are some methods to keep your food safe: ### Bear bags A bear bag is a bag of food hoisted into a tree to keep it out of reach of bears and other animals. 1. Place food in a bag. 2. Tie a rope to the bag. 3. Throw the rope over a high branch and hoist the bag up. 4. Tie the rope to a tree to keep the bag elevated. ### Bear canisters A bear canister is a hard plastic container used to store food. It is bear-proof and can be left on the ground. Some campsites may provide a bear box, which is a large metal box used to store food. English 60 characters edited Current translation Read-only <!-- K: food, eat, meal, hunger, hungry, forage, identify, edible, inedible --> <!-- S: Ration food and forage when there's none left. --> This chapter covers how to find and prepare food in a survival situation. ## Be prepared <!-- K: prepare, gear, knowledge, skill, nuts, seeds, dried, fruit, jerky, energy, bar, mre, can, knife, multitool, multi-tool, bag, canister, utensil, stove, fuel --> <!-- S: Bring extra food. Learn how to find food and cook in the wilderness. --> ### Gear Necessities: - Food (enough for the duration of your trip, plus a bit extra). Some good options include: - Nuts - Seeds - Dried fruit - Jerky - Energy bars - Dehydrated meals (with extra water) - Canned food (with a can opener if needed) - Knife or multi-tool - Bear bag or canister Optional: - Cooking pot or container - Utensils (a spork is a good option) - Cooking stove and fuel ### Knowledge and skills Start by learning how to do the following: - Plan your meals for a trip. - Cook food by boiling or roasting over a fire. - Use a bear bag or canister to protect your food. Once you have mastered these skills, you should learn how to do the following: - Identify edible plants and mushrooms. - Find and catch insects, shellfish, crustaceans, fish, and other animals. - Preserve food. - Make traps and snares. ## Food essentials <!-- K: nutrition, caloric, calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin, mineral, storage, starvation, ration --> <!-- S: You need around 2,000 calories per day, but you can ration your food to make it last longer. You should properly store your food to avoid spoilage. --> ### Caloric and nutritional needs The average person needs around 2,000 calories per day. You should aim to balance carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in your diet. - Carbohydrates: Provide an immediate source of energy and are found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Aim for 45–65% of your daily caloric intake. - Fats: Provide long-term energy and are used in essential bodily functions. They are found in meats, oils, nuts, and seeds. Aim for 20–35% of your daily caloric intake. - Proteins: Build and repair tissues and are found in meats, legumes, nuts, and seeds. - Vitamins and minerals: Essential for overall health and are found in most foods, but a varied diet is necessary to ensure you get all the necessary nutrients. ### Storage Food should be stored in airtight containers to prevent spoilage and contamination. Do not pack foods that spoil quickly or require refrigeration. ### Rationing If you are in a survival situation, you may need to ration your food to make it last longer. A recommended method is to divide your food into thirds. Eat two-thirds of your food during the first half of the time you expect to be lost and save the last third for the second half. It may be difficult to estimate how long you will be lost, but figure around 2–3 days after your expected return date, assuming you shared your plans with someone. ### Starvation Starvation occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to function properly. Symptoms include: - Loss of body fat. - Difficulty breathing. - Lower body temperature. - Reduced muscle mass. - Fatigue. - Longer healing time for wounds and illnesses. ## Plants and mushrooms <!-- K: plant, mushroom, seaweed, weeds, green, sap, fungus, forage, poison, toxic, leach, test, berries --> <!-- S: Only eat plants you can confidently identity as safe and don't eat any mushrooms. Aggregate berries, like raspberries and blackberries, are generally safe. --> The safest method for consuming wild plants is through positive identification. Before your trip, it's wise to study local plants through guidebooks or plant identification cards. ### Foraging Key considerations when choosing plants include: - Plants in or near contaminated water must be washed and cooked to avoid consuming harmful bacteria or chemicals. - Even within the same species, plants can vary in toxicity due to environmental factors. - If you are sensitive to allergens like poison ivy, steer clear of similar plants such as mangoes or cashews, which can cause similar reactions. - Some plants are more nutritious than others. For example, nuts and seeds are high in calories and fats, while leafy greens are high in vitamins and minerals. - Some plants are fine for animals but toxic to humans. - Aggregate berries are generally safe. These include raspberries and blackberries. - Seaweed washed ashore may be spoiled or decayed. - Avoid the following: - Mushrooms. - Roadside plants. - Plants with umbrella-shaped flowers. - Plants with milky sap. - Plants with shiny leaves. - Plants with white, yellow, or red berries. - Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods. - Plants with a pungent odor. - Plants with an almond scent in the leaves or woody parts. - Plants with a bitter or soapy taste. - Plants with thorns, fine hairs, or spines. - Plants that resemble dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley. - Plants with three-leaved growth patterns. - Plants with signs of mildew, fungus, or spoilage. Edibility testing If unsure about a plant and are in extreme need, you can use the Universal Edibility Test to determine its safety. This should be a last resort and is not advised, as it can be dangerous. The test is as follows: 1. If the plant has an unpleasant odor, do not proceed. 2. Crush or break part of the plant to check for colored or milky sap. Only proceed if the sap is clear. 3. Touch the plant's sap or juice to the inner forearm. If there are no ill effects, such as a rash or burning sensation, proceed. 4. Place the plant's sap or juice on the outer lip for eight minutes. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 5. Taste a small pinch of the plant and leave it in your mouth for eight minutes. If there's an unpleasant taste or burning sensation, spit it out and rinse your mouth. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 6. Swallow the small pinch of the plant from step 5. Wait eight hours. If there are no ill effects, proceed. 7. Eat a handful of the plant and wait another eight hours. If there are no ill effects, the plant is safe to eat. Exercise restraint when eating large quantities of a new plant, as it may cause digestive issues. Note that each part of a plant needs to be tested separately, as some parts may be toxic while others are safe. ### Preparation Wash plants, then cut them into usable pieces. Some plants can be eaten raw, while others need to be cooked. Leaching Some plants contain toxins that can be removed by leaching. A common example is acorns, which can be shelled and boiled in several changes of water to remove tannins. ## Insects <!-- K: insect, bug, grub, worm, ant, termite, locust, grasshopper, cricket, dragonfly, bait --> <!-- S: Most insects can be eaten when cooked or used as fishing bait. --> Insects are a good source of protein but need to be gathered in large numbers to provide a substantial meal. If you don't want to eat insects, you can use them as bait for fishing or trapping. ### Collection Good places to find insects include rotting logs, under rocks, and in grassy fields. Do not eat the following insects: - Biting or stinging insects. - Hairy or brightly colored insects. - Insects with a pungent odor. - Hairy caterpillars. - Spiders. - Ticks. - Flies. - Mosquitoes. Common edible insects include: - Ants and termites. - Locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets. - Dragonflies. - Worms and grubs. Many flying insects can be attracted to a light source at night, making them easier to catch. Grub: ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/grub.webp) ### Preparation Remove the following parts before eating insects: - Stingers. - Legs. - Wings. - Head. Cook all insects using any of the cooking techniques in this chapter. Worms can be placed in water for 15 minutes to purge their digestive tracts. After purging, they should be cooked before eating. ## Shellfish and crustaceans <!-- K: shellfish, crustacean, clam, mussel, snail, limpet, crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, shell, bait, basket, trap, seafood, algae, tide, coastal, coast --> <!-- S: Many shellfish and crustaceans are found along the shoreline and most can be eaten when cooked. --> Shellfish and crustaceans are a good source of protein and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. They are relatively easy to catch, so they make a good survival food source. ### Collection Search shallow waters, tide pools, and rocky areas for shellfish and crustaceans. Snails and limpets can often be found attached to rocks, which may be easier to access during low tide. In freshwater, crayfish can be located under and around stones in streams or in soft mud during the daytime. You can attach bait to a string and lower it into the water to attract crayfish. Once it grabs the bait, pull it to shore. In saltwater, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp can be found near the water's edge or in shallow water. Crabs will come to shore if you leave bait at the water's edge, where they can be easily caught. Lobsters and crabs are more active at night, and shrimp are attracted to light. Caution: Mussels may be poisonous in tropical waters during the summer. If a red tide occurred within three days, do not eat fish or shellfish. Do not eat shellfish covered by water during high tide. ### Trapping A basket fish trap can be used to catch crustaceans. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check the trap every few hours to see if you have caught anything. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) For details on how to construct this trap, see the Fish section of this chapter. ### Preparation Fully cook to kill parasites. Shellfish can be cooked in their shells. ## Fish <!-- K: fish, hook, line, pole, bait, stakeout, gill, net, basket, trap, funnel, kill, seafood, meat --> <!-- S: Most fish are edible once cooked, but will require some fishing gear. --> If you are in a longer-term survival situation or have access to fishing gear, fish can be a good source of protein and nutrients. ### Fishing Fish are most active: - Before a storm. - Near rocks or logs. - Under overhanging brush. There are no poisonous freshwater fish, but there are some poisonous saltwater fish. Most fish are edible. Hooks Hooks with barbs are more effective than barbless hooks at keeping fish on the line. See the Crafting chapter for how to make fishhooks. Lines If you do not have fishing line, you can make it from plant fibers, inner strands of paracord (using a bend knot to join them together), or other strong cordage. Poles If you do not have a fishing pole, you can make one from a stick, bamboo, or other materials. You can also wrap the line around a short stick and use it as a hand line. Bait For best results, bait the hooks using insects, worms, or pieces of food. Stakeout Also known as a trotline, this method involves setting a line with multiple hooks across a stream or river. The line is secured to a tree or stake on each side of the water. Check the line every few hours to see if you have caught anything. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/46.webp) Gill net A gill net is set in the water to catch fish by their gills. The net is weighted at the bottom and floats at the top. Fish swim into the net and become entangled in the mesh. Check the net every few hours. A gill net can be made using the inner strands of paracord or other strong cordage: 1. Tie a suspension line between two sticks. 2. Attach lines to the guide line at intervals. 3. Using overhand knots, form the net. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/48.webp) For best results, place the net in a narrow part of the stream or river near a bend. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/49.webp) Traps You can construct a basket fish trap by weaving together branches or other materials. Bait the trap with food and place it in the water. Check it every few hours. This can also be used to catch crustaceans. Alternatively, use a funnel fish trap by placing sticks into a V-shape with a retaining area at the end. Fish swim into the trap and are unable to find their way out. In tidal areas, you can set up a wall of stones during low tide; as the tide recedes, fish may get trapped behind the wall. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/50.webp) ### Preparation 1. Kill the fish by hitting it on the head with a club or rock. Use a hard, quick blow. You can then use a knife to cut the gills or pierce the brain to ensure the fish is dead. 2. Remove scales by scraping them off with a knife (tail to head). 3. Remove entrails by cutting the belly open and pulling them out. You can also cut off the head and tail to make this easier. 4. Cut into usable pieces or fillet the fish. If it is a small fish, you can also just cook it whole. 5. Cook the fish. ## Other animals <!-- K: animal, hunt, bow, trap, snare, deadfall, bird, reptile, amphibian, frog, snake, mammal, skin, kill, meat, butcher, skin --> <!-- S: Hunting or trapping can be energy consuming and difficult without proper tools. --> In a survival situation, it's best to focus on easier-to-catch animals like insects, shellfish, crustaceans, and fish. But if you have the means to catch other animals, they can provide a good source of protein and nutrients. ### Hunting Firearms and bows If you have a firearm or bow with you, the odds are that you know how to use it. Aim for the vital organs to ensure a quick kill. It is unlikely you will be able to construct a survival bow that is effective for hunting. Clubs A club can be as simple as a stick with a heavy end. This can be used to kill small fish or other animals with a quick, forceful blow to the head. Spears and gigs A spear can be made by sharpening a stick and optionally hardening the tip in a fire. While it can be thrown, it's more effective to use it as a thrusting weapon without experience. For hunting smaller animals like frogs, a gig can be made by finding a forked stick and sharpening the ends. Optionally, split the ends of a larger stick and insert smaller sticks to keep the split open. Throwing sticks and rocks In a pinch, you can use a throwing stick or rock to kill or stun small animals. Aim for the head to ensure a quick kill. The throwing stick can be made by finding a stick with a natural curve that has some weight to it. Throw it like you would throw a boomerang. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/112.webp) ### Trapping Traps and snares allow for the passive capture of small animals. They can be set up and left alone while you perform other tasks. Check them every few hours. Look for signs of animal activity like tracks, droppings, or chewed vegetation. Set up traps and snares in areas where animals are likely to pass through. You can construct funnels or walls to guide animals into them. Baiting the traps and snares can increase their effectiveness. Use food native to the area that animals are likely to eat. Smoking the traps and snares can help mask your scent. Snares Wire is the best material for snares, but other cordage like paracord can be used. Set the snare at head height for the animal you're trying to catch. The snare should form a loop that tightens when the animal walks through it. Use small twigs to prop the snare open. To construct a snare: 1. Tie the locking mechanism as shown in the pictures below. 2. Run the cordage or wire through the locking mechanism to form a loop. 3. Attach the other end of the cordage or wire to a tree or stake. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/27.webp) ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/29.webp) Deadfalls Deadfall traps are good for catching small animals. They work by dropping a heavy object on the animal when it triggers the trap. The trigger mechanism can be made from a stick and a bait stick. When the animal takes the bait, the trigger releases, causing the heavy object to fall. Examples of deadfall traps: ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/34.webp) ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/35.webp) ### Birds Without a firearm or bow, birds can be difficult to catch. They are most easily caught at night when roosting. Use a club, throwing stick, or rock to kill or stun the bird. Also, look for bird nests, as they may contain eggs. To prepare a bird for cooking: 1. Pluck feathers. You can place the bird in boiling water to make this easier. Optionally, you can skin the bird instead, but that removes some of the fat. 2. Cut open the body cavity and remove the entrails. 3. For larger birds, cut off the feet and separate the bird into usable pieces along the joints. 4. Cook the bird. Notes: - Sea birds should be skinned rather than plucked to remove oil glands. - Scavenger birds, such as vultures, should be boiled for at least 20 minutes to kill parasites. ### Reptiles and amphibians Reptiles and amphibians are easier to catch than mammals and birds. They can be found moving across open ground. Use a gig or pin them down with a stick behind the head. Frogs can be caught near water sources using a gig. Traps with bait may also be effective for catching reptiles and amphibians. To clean a snake: 1. Cut off the head and bury it to avoid accidentally stepping on it. 2. Slit the belly and remove the entrails. 3. Skin the snake and cut it into usable pieces. ![](file:///android_asset/survival_guide/42.webp) Always wash your hands after handling reptiles and amphibians, as they can carry salmonella. Cook the meat thoroughly. Do not eat the following: - Box turtles. - Hawksbill turtles. - Brightly colored frogs. - Frogs with an X on their back. - Tree frogs. - Toads. - Salamanders. ### Small mammals Small mammals can be caught using traps, snares, or deadfalls. They can also be caught using a club, throwing stick, or rock. To prepare a small mammal for cooking: 1. Make cuts down the insides of the back legs. 2. Pull the skin off the body like a glove. You'll need to sever the head and front feet to remove the skin. 3. Cut open the abdominal cavity and remove the entrails. Be careful not to puncture the intestines. This guide does not cover the preparation of large mammals, as they are difficult to catch and require a lot of energy to process. ## Cooking <!-- K: cook, boil, roast, bake, utensil, container, stove --> <!-- S: You should boil, roast, or bake most foods to avoid getting sick. This will require you to start fire or have a portable stove. --> ### Stoves Portable stoves are a convenient way to cook food. They can be fueled by wood, alcohol, or gas. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for use. Be sure to let the stove cool down before packing it away. ### Boiling Boiling preserves the most nutrients in food and is the safest method of cooking. You can use a metal container filled with water suspended over a fire or placed onto hot coals. See the Water chapter for more information on boiling water. ### Roasting Roasting is a quick and easy method of cooking, but you will get fewer nutrients from the food. You can roast food on a stick over a fire or place it on hot coals. ### Baking You can wrap food in leaves or clay and place it in the coals of a fire to bake it. This method is slower than roasting but preserves more nutrients. Do not skin fish or birds packed with clay, as the skin will stick to the clay and can be removed after cooking. ### Utensils If you are packing utensils, a spork is a good option. Otherwise, you can use a stick or your hands to handle food. Be sure to wash your hands before eating. ## Preservation <!-- K: preserve, dry, smoke, freeze, refrigerate, store --> <!-- S: In a long-term survival situation, you should preserve excess food to avoid spoilage. --> In most survival scenarios, it's best to consume food as soon as possible to avoid spoilage. In a longer-term scenario, you can use the following methods to preserve food: - Sun drying: Hang or place food on rocks in direct sunlight. Turn the food occasionally to ensure even drying. - Smoking: Hang food over a smoky fire to dry it out. For best results, use a fire with little flame and lots of smoke in a poorly ventilated area. - Freezing: Freeze food in meal-sized portions only if the temperature is consistently below freezing. If the temperature is above freezing, the food may start thawing. - Natural refrigeration: Bury food in snow, underground (lined with grass or leaves), or wrap it in a wet cloth. - Live storage: Store fish in a trap or a pen made of rocks and sticks in a stream. Insects can be stored in a container with holes in the lid. ## Protection <!-- K: protect, bear, bag, canister, box --> <!-- S: Use bear bags or canisters to prevent animals from stealing your food. --> You may need to protect your food from animals. Here are some methods to keep your food safe: ### Bear bags A bear bag is a bag of food hoisted into a tree to keep it out of reach of bears and other animals. 1. Place food in a bag. 2. Tie a rope to the bag. 3. Throw the rope over a high branch and hoist the bag up. 4. Tie the rope to a tree to keep the bag elevated. ### Bear canisters A bear canister is a hard plastic container used to store food. It is bear-proof and can be left on the ground. Some campsites may provide a bear box, which is a large metal box used to store food. 5 hours ago

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Trail Sense

Trail Sense User Guide

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